Exalted personality type recommendations from a psychologist. Description of types of character accentuation according to Lichko’s classification

Leonhard's theory of accentuated personalities quickly proved its validity and usefulness. However, its use was limited by the age of the subjects - the questionnaire for determining accentuation was designed for adult subjects. Children and adolescents, lacking relevant life experience, could not answer a number of test questions, so their accentuations turned out to be difficult to determine.

The domestic psychiatrist Andrei Evgenievich Lichko took up the solution to this problem. He modified it for use in childhood and adolescence, reworked the descriptions of the types of accentuation, changed the names for some of them and introduced new types. A.E. Lichko considered it more appropriate to study accentuations in adolescents, since most of them are formed before adolescence and are most clearly manifested during this period. He expanded the descriptions of accentuated characters with information about the manifestations of accentuations in children and adolescents, and the changes in these manifestations as they grow older. Peru A. E. Lichko owns the fundamental monographs “Adolescent Psychiatry”, “Psychopathy and Character Accentuations in Adolescents”, “Adolescent Narcology”.

Accentuations of character from the point of view of A. E. Lichko

A. E. Lichko was the first to propose replacing the term “personality accentuation” with “character accentuation,” citing the fact that it is impossible to unite all a person’s personal characteristics by defining only accentuation. Personality is a much broader concept, including worldview, characteristics of upbringing, education, and response to external events. Character, being an external reflection of the type of nervous system, serves as a narrow characteristic of the characteristics of human behavior.

Accentuations of character according to Lichko are temporary changes in character that change or disappear in the process of growth and development of the child. However, many of them can turn into psychopathy or persist for life. The path of development of accentuation is determined by its severity, social environment and type (hidden or obvious) of accentuation.

Like Karl Leonhard, A.E. Lichko considered accentuation a variant of character deformation, in which individual traits become excessively pronounced. This increases the sensitivity of the individual to certain types of influences and makes adaptation difficult in some cases. At the same time, in general, the ability to adapt remains at a high level, and with some types of influences (that do not affect the “place of least resistance”), accentuated individuals cope more easily than ordinary ones.

A. E. Lichko considered accentuations as borderline states between normality and psychopathy. Accordingly, their classification is based on the typology of psychopathy.

A. E. Lichko identified the following types of accentuations: hyperthymic, cycloid, sensitive, schizoid, hysteroid, conmorphic, psychasthenic, paranoid, unstable, emotionally labile, epileptoid.

Hyperthymic type

People with this accentuation are excellent tacticians and poor strategists. Resourceful, enterprising, active, easy to navigate in rapidly changing situations. Thanks to this, they can quickly improve their professional and social position. However, in the long term, they often lose their position due to the inability to think through the consequences of their actions, participation in adventures and the wrong choice of comrades.

Active, sociable, enterprising, always in a good mood. Children of this type are active, restless, and often play pranks. Inattentive and poorly disciplined, teenagers of this type are unstable students. Conflicts with adults often arise. They have many superficial hobbies. They often overestimate themselves, strive to stand out and earn praise.

Cycloid accentuation of character according to Lichko is characterized by high irritability and apathy. Children prefer to be alone at home instead of playing in the company of peers. They experience any troubles hard and become irritated in response to comments. The mood changes from good, elated, to depressed at intervals of several weeks.

With growing up, the manifestations of this accentuation usually smooth out, but in some people they can persist or get stuck for a long time in one stage, often a depressed-melancholic one. Sometimes there is a connection between mood changes and the seasons.

Sensitive type

It is highly sensitive to both joyful and frightening or sad events. Teenagers do not like active, active games, do not play pranks, and avoid large companies. They are timid and bashful with strangers and give the impression of being withdrawn. They can be good friends with close friends. They prefer to communicate with people younger or older than them. Obedient, love their parents.

It is possible to develop an inferiority complex or difficulty adapting to a team. They place high moral demands on themselves and the team. They have a developed sense of responsibility. They are assiduous and prefer complex activities. They are very careful in choosing friends, preferring older ones.

Schizoid type

Teenagers of this type are withdrawn, preferring loneliness or the company of elders to communicating with peers. They are demonstratively indifferent and not interested in communicating with other people. They do not understand the feelings, experiences, condition of others, and do not show sympathy. They also prefer not to show their own feelings. Peers often do not understand them, and therefore are hostile towards schizoids.

Hysteroids are distinguished by a high need for attention to themselves and egocentrism. Demonstrative, artistic. They do not like it when someone else pays attention to them or praises others. There is a high need for admiration from others. Teenagers of the hysterical type strive to occupy an exceptional position among their peers, attract attention to themselves, and influence others. They often become the initiators of various events. At the same time, hysterics are unable to organize those around them, cannot become an informal leader, or earn authority among their peers.

Conmorphic type

Children and adolescents of the conforming type are characterized by a lack of their own opinion, initiative, and criticality. They willingly submit to groups or authorities. Their attitude in life can be characterized by the words “be like everyone else.” At the same time, such teenagers are prone to moralizing and are very conservative. In order to protect their interests, representatives of this type are ready to do the most unseemly actions, and all these actions find explanation and justification in the eyes of a conforming personality.

Psychasthenic type

Adolescents of this type are characterized by a tendency to reflect, introspect, and evaluate the behavior of others. Their intellectual development is ahead of their peers. Their indecision is combined with self-confidence; their judgments and views are categorical. At moments when special caution and attentiveness are needed, they are prone to impulsive actions. This type changes little with age. They often have obsessions that serve as a means of overcoming anxiety. It is also possible to use alcohol or drugs. In relationships they are petty and despotic, which interferes with normal communication.

Paranoid type

The types of character accentuation according to Lichko do not always include this variant of accentuation due to its late development. The main manifestations of the paranoid type appear by the age of 30-40. In childhood and adolescence, such individuals are characterized by epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Their main feature is an overestimation of their personality, and, accordingly, the presence of overvalued ideas about their exclusivity. These ideas differ from delusional ones in that they are perceived by others as real, although exaggerated.

Teenagers show an increased craving for entertainment and idleness. There are no interests, no life goals, they do not care about the future. They are often characterized as “going with the flow.”

Emotionally labile type

Children are unpredictable, with frequent and severe mood swings. The reasons for these differences are minor little things (a sideways glance or an unfriendly phrase). During periods of bad mood, they require the support of loved ones. They feel good about how others treat them.

Epileptoid type

At an early age, such children are often whiny. In the older ones, they offend the younger ones, torture animals, mock those who cannot fight back. They are characterized by power, cruelty, and pride. In the company of other children, they strive to be not just the boss, but the ruler. In the groups they control, they establish cruel, autocratic orders. However, their power rests largely on the voluntary submission of other children. They prefer conditions of strict discipline, know how to please management, take over prestigious positions that provide the opportunity to exercise power, and establish their own rules.

Accentuation of character or personality accentuation– excessive strengthening of individual character traits. This personality trait determines behavior and actions, leaves an imprint on all areas of its activity: attitude towards oneself, towards others, towards the world. Accentuation is an extreme variant of the norm and is not considered a mental disorder or disease.

Prevalence. Personality accentuations are widespread, especially among adolescents. Among young people, obvious or hidden accentuations are found in 95% of those examined. With age, people will be able to smooth out undesirable features, and the number of accentuations decreases to 50-60%.

The benefits and harms of accentuations. On the one hand, an accentuated trait makes a person more stable and successful in some situations. For example, people with hysterical accentuation are talented actors, and those with hyperthymic accentuation are positive, sociable and can find an approach to any person.

On the other hand, an accentuated character trait becomes a person’s vulnerable spot, complicating life for himself and those around him. Situations that are not significant for other people turn into a test for the psyche. For example, people with a hypothymic type of accentuation experience difficulties when it comes to getting to know each other and establishing contact.

There is a danger that in difficult situations these enhanced character traits can develop into psychopathy, cause neurosis, and become the cause of alcoholism and illegal behavior.

In what cases can accentuations develop into pathology?

• Unfavorable environmental conditions that hit the accentuated trait as the weakest point, for example for conformal accentuation, are rejection of the person in the team.
• Long-term exposure to this factor.
• Exposure to an unfavorable factor during a period when a person is most vulnerable. Most often these are elementary school and adolescence.

If these conditions are met, accentuation worsens and turns into psychopathy, which is already a mental disorder.

How do accentuations differ from psychopathy?

Reasons for the formation of accentuations. It is believed that the formation of accentuations is influenced by the innate properties of temperament. Thus, a person born choleric is prone to developing accentuation of the excitable type, and a sanguine person is prone to hyperthymic type. Strengthening of individual character traits occurs in childhood and adolescence under the influence of chronic traumatic situations (constant humiliation by peers) and characteristics of upbringing.
Degrees of personality accentuations

• Explicit– manifests itself in a person’s behavior in most situations, but does not interfere with his ability to adapt to various social situations (acquaintance, conflict, communication with friends).
• Hidden– does not manifest itself in life, can only be detected in critical situations that affect accentuated character traits.

Types of personality accentuations. Each scientist who dealt with character accentuations identified his own types. To date, several dozen of them have been described. This article will describe the main ones.
Psychologists began to deal with the problem of personality accentuations in the second half of the twentieth century. Therefore, many controversial issues remain in matters of classification, diagnosis and correction.

Types of accentuation

There are many personality traits, and each of them can be over-enhanced. It is the accentuated traits that determine the personality type and character traits and make a person different from others. Here are short descriptions of the main personality types.

Hysterical type

In other classifications demonstrative type. Widely distributed among women. It is especially pronounced in adolescence and young adulthood. Distinctive features:

• The desire to attract attention those around you to your person. They seek attention in all ways - through actions, manner of dressing and speaking, appearance. They demand respect, surprise, sympathy, and, in extreme cases, anger from others. The appearance is bright and attractive. Even in the absence of outstanding external data, they know how to look impressive.
• Increased emotionality. They are distinguished by high sensitivity and violent reaction. At the same time, they easily endure mental pain, grief and resentment, although they demonstrate strong emotions. Some emotions are quickly replaced by others. There is a tendency towards envy and jealousy. They do not tolerate it if the attention of others is switched to another person.
• Artistry manifests itself in all life situations. They easily get used to any role, which makes it easier to adapt to new situations. They are distinguished by arrogant facial expressions and mannered poses.
• Developed imagination and imaginative thinking. They themselves believe in what they have invented. Suggestible. They are fond of applied magic and believe in horoscopes. They tend to advertise and exaggerate their victories in their personal lives.
• timid. Tend to exaggerate the danger.
• Positive features: They are open to communication and easily establish contact with a new person. Adapt well to new situations. They have an active life position. The desire for fame becomes a powerful motivator, which contributes to success in creative professions (actors, singers, dancers, artists).
• Flaws: excessive emotionality, an overly acute reaction to all events concerning one’s own personality, while indifference to the problems of others. Difficulties that arise along the way force us to abandon our plans. They do not tolerate routine work. They can easily get sick due to nervousness - psychosomatic diseases develop. Loss of authority can lead to thoughts of suicide. They provoke conflicts based on the desire to be the center of attention.

Epileptoid type

In other classifications excitable personality type. People with this accentuation, just like hysterics, strive to attract attention to themselves. But they do this not so demonstratively, but with the help of stuttering, coughing, and complaints. Distinctive features:

• Dissatisfaction and irritability. Prone to negative emotions. They constantly grumble and express complaints. They become fixated on the bad and think about the problem for a long time, while dissatisfaction grows until it spills out in the form of a major quarrel. The behavior model of such people is compared to a steam boiler, the temperature in which increases until an explosion occurs. After discharge, they cannot calm down for a long time. This feature distinguishes them from other types. In family life they show despotism, causing frequent scandals over trifles.
• Tendency to adhere to previously established order in things, deeds and relationships. They do not like changes or rearrangements. They keep order themselves and force others, especially family members and subordinates. Clutter can cause a major quarrel. Particular attention is paid to rationality rather than purity.
• Easy attitude to moral standards. Their actions are guided only by their own opinion, so they can transgress moral standards, especially in a fit of anger. They can be rude, show disrespect for elders, and physical violence towards children and animals. In this case, they will not even notice the offense, and will not be tormented by remorse.
• Structured thinking. When making decisions, they are guided by common sense and logic. However, this does not prevent them from going into fits of rage if their wishes are not fulfilled. They don't consider alternatives. They believe that their point of view is the only correct one.
• Mistrust based on critical thinking. They don’t take their word for it, they demand proof. They don't trust strangers. They don't believe in horoscopes and predictions.
• It is difficult to adapt to a new situation.
• Positive features: scrupulousness, increased accuracy, concern for one’s health, the ability to receive benefits, the ability to defend one’s interests. When calm, they show extreme kindness and care for family members and animals. They are energetic and active in matters of maintaining order, which can become part of the profession - managers, managers, caretakers.
• Flaws violent attacks of anger, after which they cool down for a long time, gloominess, intolerance of contradictions, lack of respect for other people's opinions. These aspects of character provoke dissatisfaction with others and frequent conflicts in the family and at work. Possible addictions to alcohol, sexual perversions, and sadistic tendencies.

Schizoid type

People with schizoid accentuation are secretive, uncommunicative and outwardly cold. However, this accentuation rarely leads to adaptation disorders. Distinctive features:

• Closedness. They do not know how and do not want to communicate with others. They strive for loneliness. After trying to make an acquaintance, they note that they have nothing to talk about with the person, which causes disappointment and withdrawal.
• Combination of contradictory properties: shyness and tactlessness, sensitivity and indifference, pliability and stubbornness.
• Lack of intuition regarding feelings other people. They cannot understand whether the interlocutor treats them well or badly, how he reacted to their words.
• Inability to empathize. They are indifferent and do not show emotions in communication.
• Secretive, do not show their inner world. They open up only to like-minded people.
• Unusual interests and hobbies. Reading literature of a certain genre, drawing churches, calligraphy, sometimes collecting (for example, only stamps with images of flowers).
• Positive features: developed imagination, creativity, creativity, passion for non-team sports to improve your body (cycling, yoga), playing musical instruments (guitar, violin).
• Flaws. Sometimes a tendency towards voyeurism or exhibitionism may appear; small doses of alcohol or recreational drugs may be taken to overcome shyness in communication.

1. Cycloid type. Accentuation causes periodic changes in mood (periods lasting from several days to 2 weeks). Distinctive features:

• Wave-like mood changes. Each phase can last 1-2 weeks. Sometimes there are breaks of “equilibrium” between them. Cycloid accentuation often occurs in adolescents and smoothes out with age.
• Rising periods– a person is full of energy and desire to work. At this time, cycloids are cheerful and sociable, striving for leadership and achieving success in school and at work. They do not tolerate loneliness, boredom, or monotony.
• Recession periods or subdepression– mood and performance decrease sharply. There is no desire to communicate or do anything, and drowsiness develops. They strive for loneliness, entertainment loses its appeal. They become too sensitive to criticism and vulnerable. Self-esteem sharply decreases, thoughts appear about one’s uselessness and inferiority.
• Positive features: in the recovery phase, a person is full of strength and desire to work and communicate.
• Flaws. Low activity in the decline phase. If the subdepressive phase is prolonged, thoughts of suicide may arise. Under unfavorable circumstances, accentuation can develop into bipolar disorder.

1. Paranoid type. It is formed late - by the age of 30. Its main characteristics are persistence and perseverance in achieving goals. People with paranoid accentuation feel bad and are afraid of what others will think of them if they find out about their essence. As a result, they often experience fear and shame. Two personalities coexist in them, one they consider worthless and despise. The second is perceived as ideal and omnipotent. Between these two poles, an internal conflict occurs that exhausts a person. Distinctive features:

• Projection of one's own character traits onto other people. Attribute their thoughts and intentions to them. This leads to them seeing anger and envy in others. They constantly try to recognize ill will in the behavior of others.
• Self-obsession. They are selfish, constantly think about themselves, and experience their own internal conflict.
• Excessive sensitivity to comments criticism, refusals.
• Grumpiness and a constant desire to defend one’s rights, even if they were not infringed.
• Unreasonable jealousy, suspicions of conspiracies.
• Inability to refuse. They do not know how to say “no”, but prefer to make promises and not keep them.
• Tendency towards exclusivity and uniqueness in clothing and hobbies.
• Positive features: persistent and purposeful. They have unconventional thinking, are smart, and well-read. Able to analyze and foresee the results of their own and others’ actions. They have a sense of style. They can deny themselves excesses for the sake of an idea.
• Flaws: tendency to hypercontrol over loved ones, suspicion, aversion to people.

1. Unstable (rampant) type. People with an unstable type are distinguished by a desire to have fun. Distinctive features:

• Laziness and weakness of will. It's hard to force yourself to do something that doesn't bring you pleasure. Under any pretext, they avoid work or imitate work activity.
• Emotional instability. Any event causes a short-term surge of emotions. Therefore, they need frequent changes of impressions.
• Need for strict control. Only the knowledge that the result of their work will be controlled can force them to complete the task. However, strict control makes them want to run away or quit.
• Tendency to obey an informal leader. They show lack of independence even in the search for entertainment. They follow the lead of others and do what is suggested to them.
• Positive features. Carefree, curious, optimistic about the future.
• Flaws. Constant search for thrills increases the risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism. They love speed, which increases the risk of accidents when driving a car or motorcycle. Prone to gambling.

Labile type

People experience frequent unpredictable mood swings that occur for any unimportant reason (they didn’t like the tone or look of their interlocutor). Distinctive features:

• Mood swings. Mood changes are sharp and profound. People don't just get upset, they fall into despair, and then half an hour later they can experience genuine joy. Their well-being and performance, their idea of ​​their own future and the structure of the world largely depend on these changes. So, if a person is in high spirits, then he feels great, is friendly even to unfamiliar people, and is optimistic about the future. If your mood has dropped, then everything takes on a negative connotation.
• High sensitivity to praise and criticism. Praise causes joy and stimulates new achievements, but criticism can cause despondency and abandonment of activities.
• Sociability. They are drawn to their peers and are in dire need of communication. They become attached to people and suffer greatly from the breakdown of relationships.
• Positive features: sincere, spontaneous, positive, devoted. This accentuation rarely progresses into the phase of psychopathy.
• Flaws. They endure losses hard and have extremely low resistance to stress. If they are not ready to deal with difficulties, they may give up on the goal.

Conformal type

People with conformal type accentuation tend to trust their environment and follow it. Distinctive features:

• Submission to the majority opinion. Tend to agree with the opinion of the majority in the group to which they belong. There is no critical thinking; they do not analyze how the group decision corresponds to the norms of morality and law.
• Following fashion. They adhere to fashion trends in clothing, choice of hobbies or profession.
• The desire to be “like everyone else.” The reluctance to stand out from the group encourages you to be no worse than others in your studies and work. At the same time, they do not have the desire to take the place of a leader, to become better than the majority.
• Conservatism. They tend to adhere to the established order imposed by the majority.
• They have a hard time breaking up with the group. Expulsion from the group, conflict with its leaders and loss of authority cause serious psychological trauma.
• Positive features. They are successful in a positive environment. This accentuation extremely rarely becomes the basis of mental disorders.
• Flaws. They do not show independence, independence, or initiative. They experience hostility towards people of other nationalities, towards strangers in the group. When they find themselves in bad company, they follow the lead, consume drugs and alcohol, and break the law.

Astheno-neurotic type

People with an astheno-neurotic type of accentuation are characterized by rapid fatigue, irritability and a tendency to hypochondria. Distinctive features:

• Difficulty with mental and physical stress(exams, dissertation defense, competitions). Severe fatigue is caused by mental and emotional stress. They also feel tired from noisy companies and active recreation. If possible, try to avoid stress.
• Irritability, appearing against a background of fatigue. Its manifestations are short-term and not too strong outbursts of anger, which are associated with increased fatigue of the nervous system. Against this background, sleep deteriorates and appetite disappears.
• Tendency to hypochondria is characteristic of this type of accentuation. They love to be treated, enjoy bed rest, and listen to bodily sensations. They note a connection - the higher the state of health, the better the state of the nervous system. And against the background of a nervous shock, a real, and not a fictitious, illness can develop.
• Positive features. Attachment to loved ones, kindness, good intellectual development, conscientiousness.
• Flaws. The risk of developing neurosis and neurasthenia, they react painfully to jokes addressed to them, high fatigue prevents them from studying well and working productively.

Psychasthenic type

People with psychasthenic accentuation are prone to introspection. Distinctive features:

• Reflection– attention is directed inward. They tend to analyze their feelings, actions, emotions.
• Indecisiveness. Avoid situations in which a choice must be made.
• Striving to live up to expectations, which are placed on them by family, friends, and superiors. A developed sense of responsibility, combined with increased fatigue, causes a constant internal conflict between “should” and “can”, which depletes mental strength.
• Development of obsessions. Obsessive thoughts, memories, fears, actions, rituals, superstitions that appear regardless of a person’s desire and cause negative emotions.
• Experiences directed towards the future. They are afraid that something bad might happen to them or their loved ones in the future.
• Pedantry. They strictly follow the rules. These rules can be generally accepted (traffic rules, fire safety) or invented by them. The goal is to protect yourself from trouble.
• Positive features: kindness, affection for loved ones, adherence to moral principles, high intelligence, developed imagination.
• Flaws: indecisiveness, tendency to obsessive-compulsive neurosis.

1. Hyperthymic type. The main feature of people with a hyperthymic type of accentuation is optimism, and short-term outbursts of anger are very rare. Distinctive features:

• A good mood often without good reason - a distinctive feature of hyperteams, which makes them the life of the party.
• Energetic, active, resilient. Everything is done quickly. Sometimes the quality of work may suffer.
• Talkative. They like to tell stories, exaggerate, and sometimes embellish the truth.
• Sociable. They love to communicate and make new acquaintances. They strive to command. They love jokes and practical jokes.
• Positive features: high vitality, optimism, endurance to physical and mental stress, stress resistance.
• Flaws: indiscriminate choice of acquaintances, risk of regular consumption of alcoholic beverages. They are restless and do not like work that requires accuracy. They are wasteful, they can borrow and not pay back. Among people with hyperthymic accentuation, there is an addiction to petty theft.

Sensitive type

Very sensitive, yet reliable, serious and silent. Mainly depressed mood.

• Impressionability. Even in adulthood, they remain extremely susceptible to all external stimuli. They tolerate stress and conflicts very hard and endure them for a long time.
• Difficulty managing oneself in stressful situations. If this situation drags on for a long time, they can become very angry. Which they later regret. In critical situations they are capable of courageous actions.
• Diffidence. They picture a strict “I-ideal” in their imagination and worry that they don’t live up to it in real life.
• Pessimism. They see the future in dark colors.
• Concerns about how others treat them. They worry about what other people will think about them. They are afraid of criticism and ridicule.
• Positive features: conscientiousness, diligence, loyalty.
• Flaws: passivity, unpredictability in a stressful situation.

Combinations of types of accentuations

ABOUT mixed accentuations They say when not one, but several traits in a person’s character become stronger. It is these options that are found in the vast majority of cases of accentuation.
The most common mixed character accentuations:

• Hyperthymic + conformal;
• Labile + cycloid;
• Sensitive + schizoid;
• Sensitive + astheno-neurotic + psychasthenic;
• Hysteroid + epileptoid.

Classification of accentuations according to Leonard

German psychologist Karl Leonhard divided all character traits into basic and additional. Basics are the core of personality. They are responsible for her mental health. If one of these traits is strengthened (accentuated), then it determines a person’s behavior. When exposed to unfavorable factors, pathology may develop.

Group	Type of accentuation	Characteristic
temperament how to nature education	Emotive	Kind, compassionate, humane, values ​​close friends, peace-loving, executive, has a heightened sense of duty. But at the same time he is characterized by timidity, tearfulness and shyness.
	Affectively exalted	Sociable, amorous, has good taste, attentive to loved ones, altruistic, capable of high feelings. But at the same time, he is prone to panic, gets lost under stress, and is subject to mood swings.
	Affectively labile	Soft, vulnerable, capable of empathy, has high moral principles. But he is prone to sharp cyclical mood swings, which determine his relationships with people. Does not tolerate loneliness, indifference, or rudeness.
	Anxious	Friendly, loyal, efficient, self-critical. The mood is often low, timid, does not defend his interests, and needs support.
	Dysthymic (hypothymic)	Conscientious, serious, taciturn, highly values ​​friends. But at the same time, he is an individualist, closed, prone to pessimism, and passive.
	Hyperthymic	Sociable, optimistic, active, resilient, hardworking, does not lose control in stressful situations. Frivolous, rarely finishes what he starts. Does not tolerate loneliness and strict control.
Types of accentuations related to character how to social education	Excitable	Characterized by mood swings and violent outbursts of anger. In a calm state, caring, conscientious, neat. During outbursts of anger, he has poor control over his state and is irritable.
	Stuck	Responsible, stress-resistant, persistent, resilient, makes high demands on himself and others. But at the same time suspicious, touchy, boring, jealous, somewhat conflicted. He does not tolerate it when someone else claims to take his place.
	Pedantic	Neat, strictly adheres to the rules, reliable, conscientious, peaceful. But boringness, grumbling, and not working - bureaucracy are often noted.
	Demonstrative	Artistic, charismatic, sociable, has a developed imagination, strives for leadership. But at the same time he is vain and prone to lies, selfish. He does not tolerate it when he is not given attention, and suffers if his authority is undermined.
Types of accentuations related to personalities generally	Extroverted	Sociable, friendly, attentive, efficient, always ready to listen, does not pretend to be a leader. But at the same time, he is talkative, frivolous, easily falls under the influence of others, and is prone to rash, impulsive actions.
	Introverted	Principled, restrained, immersed in his inner world, morally developed, distinguished by a rich imagination. But at the same time he is closed, stubborn, defends his point of view, even if he turns out to be wrong. Does not tolerate interference in his personal life.

Classification of accentuations according to Lichko

Soviet psychiatrist Andrei Lichko viewed accentuations as temporary enhancements of character traits that can appear and disappear in childhood and adolescence. At the same time, he recognized the possibility of maintaining accentuations throughout life and turning them into psychopathy. Since Lichko considered accentuations to be a borderline option between normality and psychopathy, his classification is based on types of psychopathy.

Type of accentuation	Characteristic
Hyperthymic	Cheerful, active, optimistic, self-confident, strives for leadership, resourceful, enterprising. Disadvantages: frivolous, restless, inattentive, does not take his duties responsibly enough, can be irritable.
Labile	Empathy is well developed, he feels the emotions of others and their attitude towards himself. Experiences severe mood swings for minor reasons. Needs support from loved ones.
Cycloid	Cyclically changing mood ups and downs. The frequency is several weeks. During periods of recovery, sociable, energetic, joyful, energetic. During the recession – apathetic, irritable, sad.
Astheno-neurotic	Disciplined, neat. There is increased mental fatigue, which makes a person irritable and overly concerned about his health.
Psychasthenic (anxious and suspicious)	Intellectually developed. He is prone to reflection, introspection, and evaluation of his actions and the actions of others. Inflated self-esteem is combined with indecision. In moments of crisis, he can commit rash acts. Cons: petty, despotic, prone to developing obsessive actions.
Sensitive (sensitive)	High sensitivity to joyful and frightening moments. Obedient, diligent, responsible, calm, makes high moral demands on himself and others. Cons: uncommunicative, suspicious, whiny, difficult to adapt to a new team.
Epileptoid (inert-impulsive)	Strives for leadership, likes to set rules, enjoys authority among management and among peers. Tolerates conditions of harsh discipline well. Cons: can offend the weak, establishes cruel rules, irritable.
Schizoid (introverted)	Closed, prefers loneliness or communication with elders. Cons: indifferent, unable to show sympathy and empathy.
Unstable	Sociable, open, courteous, eager to have fun. Cons: laziness, unwillingness to work and study. Prone to consuming alcohol, drugs, and gambling.
Hysterical (demonstrative)	Artistic, impulsive, proactive, sociable, loves attention, strives to take a leading position, but is not able to achieve authority. Cons: self-centered, prone to lies. The behavior is unnatural and pretentious.
Conformal	Lacks criticality and initiative, tends to obey outside opinions. Strives not to be different from the rest of the group. To please the group, he can commit unseemly acts, while he is inclined to justify himself.
Paranoid	Characteristic features develop by age 30. In childhood, he manifests himself as a teenager with epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Self-esteem is significantly inflated, ideas about one’s exclusivity and genius appear.
Emotionally labile	She suffers from frequent and severe mood swings, needs support, and has a good sense of how people treat her. Cons: emotionally unstable.

Character accentuation test according to Shmishek

The personality questionnaire, developed by G. Smishek, is designed to identify character accentuations. It is based on the classification of accentuations developed by Leonhard. The adult character accentuation test according to Shmishek consists of 88 questions. Each of them must be answered yes (+) or no (-). It is not recommended to think about questions for a long time, but to answer as it seems at the moment. The children's version of the test is similar and differs only in the wording of the questions.

Each of the 88 questions characterizes some emphasized feature.

1. Hyperthymia
2. Distinctiveness
3. Cyclothymic
4. Excitability
5. Jam
6. Emotivity
7. Exaltation
8. Pedantry
9. Demonstrativeness

The results obtained are processed using a key. For each trait, the scores are summed up and multiplied by the coefficient corresponding to this trait.

Scale	1 point is awarded for		Coefficient
	The answer is yes	The answer is no
Hyperthymia	1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77		3
Distinctiveness	9, 21, 43, 74, 87	31, 53, 65	3
Cyclothymic	6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84		3
Excitability	20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 75, 86		3
Jam	2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81	12, 46, 59	2
Emotivity	3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79	25	3
Exaltation	10, 32, 54, 76		6
Anxiety	6, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82	5	3
Pedantry	4, 14, 17, 26, 36, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83	39	2
Demonstrativeness	7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88	51	2

Each scale is assigned a score, from 0 to 24.

• 0-6 – the trait is not expressed.
• 7-12 – the trait is moderately expressed;
• 13-18 – severity above average;
• 19-24 – accentuated feature.

Based on the points obtained, a graph is constructed, which is also very important, since it makes it possible to characterize the personality in general terms.

Features of accentuation in adolescents

Personality accentuations are formed in adolescence. In the same period they manifest themselves especially clearly. The reason for this is the impulsiveness of adolescents and the inability to control their emotions and actions. Some personality accentuations are present in 90-95% of adolescents.

The very presence of an enhanced character trait is not dangerous, but it makes the teenager extremely sensitive to external situations and internal conflicts, and affects relationships with parents and peers. The same accentuations under unfavorable conditions can become a cause of crime, but with the right approach and the right choice of profession, they will help you achieve success in life.

It is important for parents to know about the presence of character accentuation in a teenager in order to help him adapt to life and build a parenting style that will be as effective as possible. The task of parents is to develop qualities and skills in a teenager that will smooth out the accentuated character trait.

Hysterical type

“Class stars”, activists, participate in all events. They are distinguished by their artistry and desire to stand out from others. They don’t like it if the praise goes to someone else. They react exaggeratedly emotionally to all events (they sob bitterly in front of the audience).
Distinctive feature. Playing for the public, constant need for attention, recognition or sympathy.

Characteristic
As long as they feel loved and all attention is on them, behavior problems will not arise. In everyday life, they attract attention to themselves in every possible way. This is defiant behavior, expressive manner of speaking and bright clothes. They take credit for their achievements. They may boast that they drank a lot and ran away from home. They lie often, mostly their fantasies concern their own person. They cannot stand it when the attention of others is switched to others (a newbie in class, a newborn, a stepfather). They can take actions to get rid of a competitor, “out of spite”, commit actions that their parents obviously will not like. They verbally defend independence, sometimes with scandals, but they need care and do not strive to get rid of it.

Problems
Often behavior problems are an attempt to get the attention of parents. They have suicidal tendencies, but the goal is not to commit suicide, but to avoid punishment or achieve sympathy. Suicide attempts are demonstrative and not dangerous. They are easily suggestible and risk falling into “bad” company. They can drink alcohol, but in small quantities. There are cases of minor offenses (fraud, absenteeism, petty theft). Demonstrative and frivolous behavior, revealing clothing and the desire to show one’s maturity can provoke sexual violence.

Positive sides. If they are held up as an example, they become very diligent. They study well, especially in the lower grades. Artistic, successful in dancing, vocals, and speaking.

How to interact

• Encourage people to say only good things about others.
• Praise only for real achievements.
• Giving a task is to help a peer be the center of attention. For example, prepare a number in which someone else will be the soloist.

Epileptoid type

Personality properties are determined by the passivity of processes occurring in the nervous system. Teenagers with such accentuation are touchy and stay stuck on resentment for a long time.

Distinctive feature. Periods of severe irritability and hostility towards others, lasting up to several days.

Characteristic
Teenagers with epileptoid accentuation are distinguished by their stubborn and unyielding character. They are vindictive and do not forget insults. They put personal interests first and do not take into account the opinions of others. The company is trying to become leaders by uniting the younger and weaker around them. Since they are despotic, their power rests on fear. The process of growing up is problematic. Teenagers can demand not only freedom, but also their share of property. Sometimes they get angry and cry for hours. Strong emotions provoke attacks of anger and aggression. During attacks, adolescents look for a “victim” on whom to pour out their emotions. During these attacks they can reach the point of sadism.

Problems.
Suicidal attempts as a reaction to “unfair” punishment. Tend to drink alcohol in large quantities “to the point of memory loss.” They do not remember the actions they perform in this state. But they rarely consume other toxic drugs. During puberty, they experience a strong sexual desire, which can lead to the development of perversions. There is a predilection for lighting firecrackers and making fires.

Positive sides.
Discipline, accuracy. They know how to win over teachers. They feel comfortable in conditions of strict discipline (boarding school, camp). They love and know how to make anything.
How to interact

• Provide safety and mental comfort to reduce irritability and aggression.
• Demand strict adherence to the rules established at home (do not give unsolicited advice, do not interrupt). This will allow parents to gain the status of “strong” in the eyes of the teenager.

Schizoid type

This type of accentuation manifests itself even in preschool age: children prefer playing alone to communicating with peers.

Distinctive feature isolation, immersion in a world of fantasy.
Characteristic
They prefer to fantasize and engage in their hobbies, which are usually highly specialized (they sculpt soldiers from plasticine, embroider birds). They do not know how and do not want to establish emotional contact and communicate. They don't express their emotions. They are closed, do not share their experiences, do not reveal their inner world. They consciously choose loneliness and do not suffer from the lack of friends. Difficulties in communication are associated with a lack of understanding of the feelings of others: “I don’t know if this person likes me, how he reacted to my words.” At the same time, they are not interested in the opinions of others. They are not able to rejoice with friends or empathize with the grief of others. They are not tactful, they do not understand when to remain silent and when to insist on their own. The speech is florid, statements are often with subtext, which further complicates communication.
Problems. You may develop a tendency to take drugs to enhance your fantasies and immerse yourself in your fantasy world. Occasionally they can commit illegal actions (theft, damage to property, sexual violence), and they think through their actions to the smallest detail.
Positive sides. Developed imagination, rich inner world, stable interests.
How to interact

• Encourage classes in a theater studio - this will help the teenager learn to express emotions and actively use facial expressions. Encourage dancing and martial arts or other sports that train plasticity. They will teach you how to control your body and make your movements less harsh and angular.
• Encourage being in the center. A teenager should periodically feel like he is in the role of an animator, responsible for entertaining others. For example, by entertaining his younger brother and his friends, he will learn to speak loudly and emotionally. Learn to read the reaction to your actions.
• Instill a sense of style. It is necessary to teach a teenager to take care of his appearance and fashion.

1. Cycloid. Cheerful, sociable and active children in adolescence experience long (1-2 weeks) periods of low mood, loss of strength, and irritability. These are called the subdepressive phase. During these periods, teenagers are no longer interested in former hobbies and communication with peers. Problems begin in school due to decreased performance.

Distinctive feature– alternating cycles of high mood with apathy and loss of strength.
Characteristic
A lack of perseverance, patience and attention leads to the fact that adolescents with cycloid accentuation do not perform monotonous, scrupulous work well. In the subdepressive phase, they do not tolerate changes in their usual way of life. Become very sensitive to failures and criticism. Their self-esteem drops significantly. They look for and find flaws in themselves and get very upset about it. During periods of recovery, they do not like loneliness - they are open, friendly and need communication. The mood improves and a thirst for activity appears. Against this background, academic performance improves. During periods of recovery, they try to catch up with lost time in their studies and hobbies.
Problems.
Serious problems in a teenager in the subdepressive stage can cause an emotional breakdown or even provoke a suicide attempt. They do not tolerate total control and may escape in protest. Absences from home can be either short or long. During periods of recovery, they become promiscuous in their acquaintances.
Positive sides: during the period of recovery, conscientiousness, accuracy, reliability, high productivity.

How to interact
It is necessary to be as tolerant and tactful as possible, especially when a teenager is going through a subdepressive phase.

• Protect from emotional overload.
• Avoid rudeness and insults, as this can provoke a serious nervous breakdown.
• During periods of recovery, it is necessary to help direct energy in the right direction. Support a teenager in his passion, teach him to plan his time and finish what he starts.
• Support him in the negative phase, increase his self-esteem, encourage him. Convince that the bad period will end soon.

Paranoid ( paronoid ) or stuck the type of accentuation in adolescents is not distinguished, since its features are formed later by the age of 25-30.
Distinctive feature- high sense of purpose.
Characteristic
Sets a goal and looks for means to achieve it. In adolescence, hostility towards others, as the main feature of this accentuation, does not manifest itself in any way. Future accentuation may be indicated by an exaggerated sense of self-esteem, ambition and perseverance. “Stuck” is also typical, when a teenager cannot move away from a state of affect (strong negative emotions) for a long time.

Unstable or uncontrollable.

Since childhood, such teenagers have been distinguished by disobedience and reluctance to learn. They need strict control. Fear of punishment is the main incentive to study and perform duties.

Distinctive feature - weak will, laziness and desire to have fun.
Characteristic
They love pleasure and need frequent changes of impressions. They avoid any work under various pretexts. This is especially noticeable when there is a need to study or run errands for parents. For them, only communication with friends seems attractive. On this basis, they risk ending up in an antisocial company. Easily susceptible to negative influence.
Problems associated with the desire to have fun. For this reason, people start drinking early and using various intoxicating drugs. The risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism is quite high. “For fun” they can skip school, steal cars, break into other people’s apartments, commit thefts, etc. They have a tendency to wander.

Positive sides. Striving for positive emotions, cheerfulness.

How to interact

• Need strict control. This applies to everything from homework to the quality of errands.
• Management using the “carrot and stick” method. Discuss in advance what fines will be imposed for failure to complete tasks, and what bonuses the teenager will receive for quality work.
• Encourage active exercise and other ways to release energy.

Labile

Frequent and rapid mood swings from delight and wild joy to despondency and tears. Often the reasons for a change in mood are the most insignificant (bad weather, tangled headphones).

Distinctive feature– mood variability for unimportant reasons.
Characteristic
During periods of good mood, teenagers are talkative, active, and eager to communicate. But any little thing can ruin their mood and make them angry. At the same time, they may burst into tears, easily go into conflict, become lethargic and withdrawn.
Problems.
They are very dependent on people they value (close friends, parents). The loss of a loved one or his affection, separation from him, causes affect, neurosis or depression. A bad mood can cause a deterioration in health up to the development of real diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes, migraines, nervous tics). They tolerate criticism and reproaches from teachers, parents, and close friends very poorly. They become withdrawn and react with tears.

Positive sides. Often talented. They have a deep inner world. Capable of strong affection and sincere friendship. They value people for their good attitude towards them. During periods of good mood, they are full of energy, desire to communicate, study and engage in hobbies. Empathy is developed - they unmistakably feel the attitude of others towards them.

How to interact

• Show empathy and openness in communication. Let your teenager know that you share his feelings.
• Provide the opportunity to care for the weaker, take care of younger family members, and volunteer.
• Encourage to expand your social circle and meet peers in extracurricular activities.

Conformal

Extremely susceptible to outside influence. They change their opinions and behavior to please others. They are afraid to stand out from the crowd.
Distinctive feature– conformity, the desire to please others.
Characteristic
The basic desire to “be like everyone else” is manifested in clothing, behavior, and interests. If all your friends are into breakdancing, such a teenager will also do it. If the immediate environment (parents, friends) is prosperous, then such teenagers are no different from the rest and the accentuation is practically unnoticeable. If they fall under bad influence, they may break the rules and the law. They have a hard time bearing the loss of friends, but they can betray a friend for someone more authoritative. They are conservative and do not like changes in all areas. They rarely take initiative.

Problems
Having contacted bad company, they can become an alcoholic and become addicted to taking drugs. To avoid being accused of cowardice, they can commit actions that pose a danger to their health or harm other people. A ban on communicating with the company can provoke a scandal with parents or running away from home.

Positive sides. They value their surroundings. Attached to friends. They love stability and order.

How to interact

• Offer to make your own choice, without relying on someone else’s opinion.
• Make sure that the teenager is involved in various groups and has the opportunity to communicate with peers at school, in sports sections, and clubs. This reduces the likelihood that he will end up in bad company.
• Help choose authorities who are truly worthy of emulation.

Astheno-neurotic

Teenagers with such accentuation are characterized by increased fatigue and irritability.
Distinctive feature– fears for your health, increased fatigue.
Characteristic
Mental and emotional stress quickly tires them. The result is irritability as teenagers take out their anger on whoever is at hand. Immediately after this, they feel ashamed of their behavior, they sincerely repent, and ask for forgiveness. Outbursts of anger are short-lived and not strong, which is associated with low activity of the nervous system. They are prone to hypochondria - they listen to bodily sensations, perceiving them as signs of illness. They love to be examined and treated. They attract attention by complaining.

Problems– high fatigue, risk of developing neurosis.

Positive sides. Kindness, empathy, high intelligence. Such teenagers do not experience running away from home, hooliganism or other illegal actions.

How to interact

• Ignore outbursts of anger that occur against the background of nervous exhaustion.
• Praising your successes and noticing even minor achievements will become a serious motivation.
• Encourage them to play sports, do morning exercises, and take a contrast shower to improve the performance of the nervous system.
• Use periods of highest productivity (from 10 am to 1 pm) to complete the most difficult tasks.

Psychasthenic

Such teenagers are characterized by: suspiciousness, a tendency to introspection and fear of the future.
Distinctive feature high demands on oneself and fear of not meeting the expectations of others.

Characteristic
This type of accentuation is formed if parents place too high expectations on their child in school or sports. The discrepancy between their expectations leaves an imprint on the character. Such teenagers have low self-esteem, they are tormented by feelings of guilt and fear of failure, which can further disappoint their parents. Teenagers suffer from increased anxiety. They are afraid that something terrible and irreparable might happen to them or their loved ones. Pedantry develops as a defense mechanism. Teenagers draw up a detailed action plan, believe in omens, and develop rituals that should ensure success (not washing your hair before an exam).

Problem. The risk of developing anxiety, obsessive thoughts and actions that are prone to complications.

Positive sides. In critical situations, they quickly find the right solution and are capable of bold action. Obedient, non-conflict people, as a rule, are quite successful in their studies and become good friends.

How to interact

• Model frightening situations and offer to find a solution on your own. For example: “Suppose you are lost in a strange city. What will you do?"
• Teach a constructive approach to problem solving. What to do? Who should I turn to for help? What to do to prevent what happened from happening again?

Hyperthymic

They are characterized as cheerful, noisy, restless. They find it difficult to concentrate on their studies and maintain discipline at school. They often become informal leaders among their peers. They cannot tolerate strict control from adults and constantly struggle for independence.

Distinctive feature– optimism and high spirits, which often pushes them to play pranks.

Characteristic
They are very sociable and quickly become the center of any company. They don’t finish the job and are not constant in their hobbies. They make and break promises easily. Despite good abilities, they study mediocrely. They easily provoke conflicts, but they can smooth them out themselves. They quickly gain peace of mind after failures and quarrels. Outbursts of anger are short-lived.

Problems– unable to perform routine work that requires perseverance and intense attention. They are indiscriminate in their choice of acquaintances. If such teenagers find themselves in an unfavorable situation, they may develop an addiction to alcohol and soft drugs. They can commit illegal and antisocial acts (vandalism, hooliganism, petty theft). They are characterized by early sexual relationships. Prone to risk, extreme hobbies and gambling. Finding themselves in conditions of control and strict discipline (hospital, summer camp) they can escape.

Positive sides. Energetic and tireless. They are cheerful and do not lose optimism in difficult circumstances. They find a way out in any situation.

How to interact
The task of adults is to accustom a teenager with hyperthymic accentuation to discipline and self-organization.

• Avoid total control.
• Advise your teenager to keep a diary, in which you need to write down your plans for the day and independently monitor their implementation.
• Come up with a punishment for yourself for every task not completed.
• Learn to maintain order on the table, in the closet, in the room. This will stimulate the teenager to systematize and analyze everything that happens.

Sensitive type

Signs of this accentuation can be noticed in childhood. The sensitive type is manifested by numerous fears that replace each other.

Distinctive feature- hypersensitivity.

Characteristic
Teenagers experience everything that happens deeply and for a long time. Praise and criticism are deeply etched in their memory and have a significant impact on their self-esteem, behavior and actions. They are very shy and for this reason unsociable. They have difficulty getting used to the new team. They quickly get tired of mental work. Tests and exams cause them significant stress. They are also very worried about ridicule from their peers. Dreamy, prone to introspection. They are conscientious and have a developed sense of duty. Be sure to finish what you start. They are very worried about the results of their actions (controls, actions).

Problems. Tendency to self-flagellation and development of phobias. Tearfulness. Excessive demands on oneself can cause neurosis. A chain of failures can provoke a suicide attempt.

Positive sides. They are diligent in their studies and take all tasks responsibly. They strive to become a good friend and value their loved ones.

How to interact

• Increase self-esteem and self-confidence. To do this, it is important to give feasible tasks that will not be too simple, otherwise their solution will not inspire self-respect.
• Have long conversations to establish contact with the teenager.
• Deserved praise and gratitude. Keep criticism to a minimum. Do not criticize qualities, do not attach labels - “lazy”, “sloppy”. Instead, indicate what needs to be done.
• Encourage auto-training. Repeat formulas to increase self-esteem: “I feel calm and confident,” “I am brave and confident,” “I am an excellent speaker.”

Most teenagers have several accentuated character traits at once. Therefore, to determine accentuation, it is necessary to use the Schmishek test, and not be guided only by the presented description of accentuation.

Factors influencing the formation of personality accentuations

In the vast majority of cases, accentuation develops in childhood or adolescence. Its appearance is significantly influenced by inharmonious relationships with parents and conflicts with peers.

• Overprotection and control from the parents and teachers. Promotes the emergence and aggravation of psychasthenic, sensitive, asthenic accentuation;
• Lack of care and parental attention increases the risk of developing hysterical, unstable and conformist personality traits:
• cruel attitude excessive severity and authoritarian style of communication provoke an increase in epileptoid traits;
• Excessive demands on the child leads to psychasthenic accentuation of character;
• Lack of emotional contact may cause an increase in labile, sensitive and asthenic traits;
• Excessive attention to well-being And chronic diseases that disrupt the normal way of life. Physical disabilities, defects in appearance and diseases of the nervous system play a major role. The result may be hysterical or astheno-neurotic accentuation;
• Serious conflicts with peers in adolescence, when communication is most significant, they can cause the development of conformal or schizoid accentuation.

The development of any type of accentuation can be facilitated by:

• Inability to satisfy basic needs for love, care, safety, communication;
• Lack of concepts about moral and cultural norms, interests and hobbies;
• Misconception about yourself - inferiority complex, inflated self-esteem;
• Professional factors. Work-related accentuations often occur among actors, teachers, doctors of certain specialties, law enforcement officers and the military;
• Genetic predisposition. Features of the functioning of the nervous system are passed on from parents to children. This is especially true for hyperthymic, cycloid and schizoid accentuation. Therefore, if parents have an accentuated character trait, then there is a high probability that it will be found in the child. Improper upbringing and parental behavior can significantly enhance innate accentuated traits.

Methods for treating accentuations of various types

Treatment of accentuation is based on smoothing the enhanced features. Correction is necessary if personality accentuation disrupts its social adaptation. If normally a person changes his behavior depending on the situation and goals of the activity, then people with pronounced accentuation constantly demonstrate an enhanced character trait, which interferes with themselves and those around them. Although it is impossible to change character, a person can learn to restrain its negative manifestations. Self-improvement and psychocorrection can help with this.

Work on yourself

People with accentuation of character rarely seek help from a psychologist, preferring to work independently.
To correct accentuated traits, training is necessary that develops character traits opposite to the accented one. At the same time, the development of new behavior patterns and personality harmonization occurs.
To correct pronounced character accentuations, exercises have been developed that must be performed daily.

1. Hysterical type

• "Calm Quiet Speech". Adopt the manner of speaking of a phlegmatic person (quiet speech, minimum facial expressions and gestures). Think about what you want to say. State the facts, not your emotions about what is happening.
• "Good deeds". Try to do them quietly and not tell anyone about what you did. Observe the person's reaction without expressing yourself.
• "Invisible". When you are in a company for an hour, try to sit silently, observing those around you. Resist attempts to engage you in conversation.
• Do auto-training daily. The goal is to love yourself for who you are and increase your self-esteem. When you achieve this, the praise and attention of others will not seem vital.

1. Epileptoid type.

• Forgive and let go of grudges. Realize that being offended is harmful to the mental and physical health of the person being offended.
• Train tolerance and kindness to people. Smile at people you know when you meet, or try to show a readiness to smile on your face.
• Show generosity take part in charity events.
• "Active Listening" Listen to the other person kindly, without interrupting or arguing. Encourage the speaker with phrases: “I understand you,” “I know this.”
• Put yourself in others' shoes. This exercise must be done daily. It is important to put yourself in the shoes of the person with whom you want to argue.

1. Schizoid type.

• Learn to copy another person's facial expressions and determine his emotion. For this exercise you will need the help of someone close to you.
• "Calm kindness" will be the best style of communication with others. Such an even attitude towards your interlocutor must be practiced daily when communicating with loved ones. Avoid being too friendly or hostile.
• « Choleric game" Try to speak louder, faster, more impulsively. Express your opinion during the conversation. Do it kindly with a smile on your face.

1. Cycloid type.

• Keep a diary. It is necessary for planning and describing your emotions and experiences. During periods of decline, it is useful to reread how the same people and events were perceived during periods of emotional upsurge. This helps to realize that difficulties are temporary.
• Ask yourself a question, “What can I change in myself so that my negative qualities do not interfere with me and others?”

1. Paranoid type.

• Double check your motives Don't trust other people's first impressions.
• “An hour without comments.” For a while, completely abandon criticism and moralizing.
• Attend training on communication behavior. Read relevant literature and apply knowledge in life.
• Learn practices that force you to be “here and now”- meditation, yoga, zen.
• "Compliment". Develop the habit of saying something good to your loved ones every day.

1. Unstable type.

• “I can + I want.” This exercise will help you cope with laziness and force yourself to do the necessary things. If you don’t want to do something, you need to ask yourself the question: “Can I do this? Am I capable of this? The second question: “Do I want to?” Moreover, you can want long-term consequences - I want a salary, so I get a job; I want a slim, healthy body, so I go to the gym.
• Increased motivation. Think about what you really want. Write down the goal. Break the path to it into stages and take action. A strong desire (a car, a vacation) will force you to move forward.

1. Labile type.

• Rational approach to problem solving. In any unpleasant situation, answer the questions: why did this happen? (what is the reason) what can be done now? (where to start), how to correct the situation? (long-term plans), what can be done to prevent this from happening again?
• "Mood Diary". Keep a diary in which you indicate when and for what reason your mood change occurred.
• Separate the rational and the emotional. It is important to accept and love both of these sides of yourself. Treat your “emotional” self with indulgence, but don’t let your emotions control your actions.
• Autotraining, which will help balance processes in the nervous system. This will make you less sensitive to situations that make you angry and will help you control your emotions.

1. Conformal type.

• Develop critical thinking. Consider whether the statement might be a lie. What consequences might there be if you do what they suggest to you?
• Offer. Try not to immediately agree with what is offered to you. Voice a counteroffer. When they tell you, let's go to the cinema, suggest going to a cafe.
• Try something new. Try new dishes, buy clothes in a new style for you, visit places you have never been to, communicate with people outside your circle.

1. Astheno-neurotic type.

• "Superman". Imagine that you have superpowers. Feel how your inner state changes. The purpose of the exercise is to look, move, talk, feeling your importance and exclusivity. The goal is to keep the image as long as possible.
• Meeting new people. Set a goal - to meet a new person and start a short conversation with him.
• Add some humor. Don't silently swallow ridicule. Learn to answer them with humor; self-irony is also acceptable. To develop a sense of humor, read more humorous literature and watch comedy programs.

1. Psychasthenic type.

• Imagine that what you fear has happened. Calmly think through your plan of action in this situation.
• Move away from the established order. Don’t follow your usual rituals (walk on the left side of the street, don’t step on cracks) to make sure nothing bad happens;
• "Face exercise." In people with psychasthenic accentuation, the muscles of the forehead and the muscles that lower the corners of the mouth are constantly tense. It is necessary to make grimaces depicting positive emotions (surprise, joy, delight).

1. Hyperthymic type.

• Get things in order. Spend 15 minutes every day to tidy up your desk and closet. This helps to organize your thoughts.
• Follow through. Make a promise to yourself to finish what you started, no matter what happens. Be sure to complete it, and then move on to other activities.
• Diary. Planning will help you systematize tasks, set priorities, and complete what you started on time. Be sure to indicate exact deadlines for completing each task. Test yourself and reward for success.

1. Sensitive type.

• "Winner". Praise yourself for every success. Break big things down into stages and don’t forget to thank yourself for each successfully completed period.
• "My virtues." You need to make a poster on which you list all the virtues that you value in yourself or that people pay attention to. It is advisable to post it in a visible place.
• Play the role of the joker. Learn funny stories and jokes to tell in company. Gradually, this will cause less and less psychological discomfort when speaking in front of the public.

The main principle of correction is that you need to do little by little, but every day, what you are not used to, what the accentuated trait resists. Such exercises allow you to smooth out the roughness of your character and make you a harmoniously developed personality.

Help from a psychologist

Psychological correction of personality accentuations usually takes from 3 months to several years. It includes working with a psychologist and completing tasks independently. Main directions:

• Individual conversations– the psychologist points out accentuated character traits and the most vulnerable places of the individual. Shows how to effectively use character strengths. Teaches how to change the way you react and behave in various social situations.
• Group classes. Select a group of people with similar accentuations or choose a topic that would be useful to everyone. The psychologist teaches productive models of behavior in various situations, rules of communication with others, and the intricacies of relationships with family members. The conversation is illustrated with examples from life, and the lesson includes practical tasks for each type of accentuation.
• Family therapy – conversation with family members. Aimed at improving relationships with loved ones and improving the psychological atmosphere in the family. One of the main methods when working with teenagers.
• Psychological trainings – active training that teaches correct behavior patterns in various situations.
• Psychodrama method– a group method of psychotherapy based on playing out an exciting situation (imaginary or real events). Helps to develop the correct model of behavior and communication with people in various situations.

It is important to remember that character accentuation is not a pre-disease. This is the strengthening of certain character traits that make a person more vulnerable to certain influences, but these same traits provide increased resilience

Exaltation is an extremely excited, primarily ecstatic state. Many people are inspired, but not every football fan can be called exalted after a goal from their favorite team. The main thing here is that an exalted person may not have any particular reason for joy.

T&P has already talked more than once about various types of accentuations, but they have not yet touched upon the affective-exalted type of temperament. Let us recall that accentuation is a certain combination of clearly manifested character traits, in which a person’s vulnerability to certain psychogenic influences increases. People with accentuations are normal in the generally accepted sense - however, sometimes their relationships with the outside world and with themselves are more complex than those of people without such pronounced manifestations. The first to identify such temperaments as a separate group and classify them was the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard. One of the ten temperaments he described was precisely the affective-exalted type.

Leonhard called exaltation “the temperament of anxiety and happiness.” Such people are separated from passionate jubilation to mortal melancholy by one step (or an ambiguous look, the inattention of a friend, sad news on the radio, a drop of coffee spilled on a shirt - whatever). The only saving grace is that the road back to happiness is just as short for them. In psychology, the tendency to such sudden changes in emotional state is called increased lability.

In people with an exalted personality type, emotions are elevated to a cult. People with this temperament not only do not restrain their expressions of feelings, but also consider emotional experiences to be the most important component of human life. They often strive to realize themselves in areas such as religion and art, and this makes sense: such people are distinguished by good taste and sensitivity. They often achieve success in creativity - largely because the value of a work of art is determined by the final emotional impact on the viewer/reader/listener, and it is quite logical that this is best achieved by someone who is himself capable of a high intensity of sensory experiences.

There are many exalted personalities among the actors, because generating a flow of emotions is natural for them; you just need to learn to direct it in a constructive direction. According to Leonhard, exaltation becomes constructive when volitional abilities are added to it. In this combination, it turns into passion: delight and despair begin to be expressed in actions, and not in experiences and ideas, which is typical of a simply exalted person.

From passionate jubilation to mortal melancholy such people are one step away. The road back to happiness is just as short for them.

Another strong (or weak) trait of exalted individuals is compassion. A TV show about the difficulties of life in concentration camps or a puppy with a broken paw can lead them to despair; They experience a friend’s ordinary trouble more painfully than the victim himself. In an impulse, they are ready for real feats of altruism and self-sacrifice. And others often take advantage of this: in order to borrow money from an exalted person, it is enough to convince him that, for example, buying a new car is a matter of life and death for you.

Increased emotionality in people of this type manifests itself in various traits: they are sociable, smiling, often fall in love and talk a lot, but at the same time they are touchy and prone to panicking. People with this temperament often argue, but, as a rule, it does not come to open conflicts. Fear in an exalted person tends to increase sharply, and even in non-serious situations its physiological manifestations will be noticeable - trembling, cold sweat.

An exalted personality type can be well illustrated with the help of characters in works of art. With their rash impulses and emotional outbursts, they heat up passions and turn the tide of the narrative, which is why authors love them. A similar exemplary type was created by Dostoevsky in The Brothers Karamazov. His heroine Katerina Ivanovna is going to marry Mitya Karamazov not because she loves him, but because she is passionate about the idea of ​​​​saving him. At some point, inspired by the idea of ​​​​making her rival Grushenka a partner in this matter, she invites her to her place. Katerina Ivanovna speaks spiritually and enthusiastically to her guest, but when she realizes that Grushenka laughed at her, the heroine experiences a severe mood swing, which ends with the fact that “Katerina Ivanovna had a seizure. She was sobbing, the spasms were choking her.” With approximately the same amplitude of emotional fluctuations - from proud happiness to tragedy - she lives throughout the entire novel, at the end of which she finds herself in severe hysterics during the trial of Mitya. A striking example of a male exalted image can be called Shakespeare's Romeo. The hero is constantly in an extreme state of excitement and either suffocates from the happiness of being close to his beloved, or finds no place for himself due to the tragedy of forced separation. Romeo is simply not capable of experiences of the average order and finds reasons in everything to strengthen his own feelings.

Exalted individuals endear themselves to those around them by their ability to empathize, sincerely rejoice at others’ successes and sympathize with grief. But the repulsive traits in people with this temperament are approximately the same: excessive anxiety, a tendency to panic, drama, and “increasing the volume” for no apparent reason. Often, effective communication with exalted people is possible only when their emotions begin to weaken, and the best recommendation for them is to try to reduce the significance of the events they experience.

How to say

Incorrect: “The Spanish Inquisition organized terrible exaltations for all dissidents.” That's right: executions.

That’s right: “I have no life at all with this exalted lady: she’s either in the clouds or beating in hysterics.”

Correct: “Fedya’s exaltation tired the entire group: screams, indignation and the fight for the truth that he alone understood were his faithful companions.”

Leonhard test result:

Accentuation of character for each type is diagnosed if the 12-point level is exceeded.

Accented personalities are not psychopathological; they are simply characterized by the highlighting of striking character traits.

1. Hyperthymas: 0 points.

2. Excitable: 0 points.

3. Emotive: 0 points.

4. Pedantic: 0 points.

5. Alarming: 0 points.

6. Cyclothymic: 0 points.

7. Demonstrative: 0 points.

8. Unbalanced: 0 points.

9. Dysthymic: 0 points.

10. Exalted: 0 points.

Hyperthymic type. He is almost always distinguished by a good, even slightly elevated, mood, high vitality, energy, and uncontrollable activity. Constantly strives for leadership, and informal leadership at that. A good sense of new things is combined with instability of interests, and greater sociability is combined with promiscuity in choosing acquaintances. Easily adapts to unfamiliar surroundings. Does not tolerate loneliness, a measured regime, a monotonous environment, monotonous work that requires minute accuracy, and forced idleness. Overestimation of possibilities, optimism. Short bursts of irritation are a consequence of the desire to suppress the activity and leadership of others. Self-esteem is usually quite good.

Excitable type. Increased irritability, lack of restraint, aggressiveness, sullenness, “boringness,” but flattery and helpfulness are possible (as a disguise). Tendency to be rude and use obscene language or remain silent and slow in conversation. Actively and often conflicts.

Emotive type (emotional). Excessive sensitivity, vulnerability, worries deeply about the slightest troubles, is overly sensitive to comments and failures, so he is often in a sad mood.

Pedantic type. High scores indicate rigidity, inertia of mental processes, and long experience of traumatic events. Pronounced tediousness in the form of “experiencing” details, in the service is capable of tormenting visitors with formal requirements, exhausting the family with excessive neatness.

Anxious type (psychasthenic). Low background mood, fears for oneself, loved ones, timidity, self-doubt, extreme indecisiveness, experiences failure for a long time, doubts one’s actions.

Cyclothymic type. Change of hyperthymic and dysthymic phases of behavior. Sociability changes cyclically (high during periods of elevated mood and low during periods of depression).

Demonstrative type. There is an expressed desire to be in the center of attention and achieve one’s goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. Easily forgets about his unseemly actions.

Unbalanced type. The main feature of this type is excessive persistence of emotions, combined with a tendency to form extremely valuable ideas.

Exalted type (labile). Persons of this type are characterized by a wide range of emotional states; they are easily delighted by joyful events and completely despaired by sad ones. Very changeable mood, clearly expressed emotions, increased distractibility to external events, talkativeness, falling in love.

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“Accented Personalities” - a book by Karl Leonhard, translated and published in Russia in 1983, was originally intended for psychiatrists. However, as K. Leonhard himself believed: «… a person without a hint of accentuation is not inclined to develop either in a negative or, apparently, in a socially positive direction.” Thus, at the moment, the concept of accentuation does not define pathological phenomena. Accentuations are overly pronounced traits of character and temperament.

Since, when expressed beyond measure, they can create favorable conditions for the development of neuroses and various psychosomatic disorders, their role in this regard is being actively studied by domestic and foreign experts. In particular, here are some general provisions on which the opinions of scientists coincide:

1. Firstly, accentuations are not given at birth, personality changes throughout life and these changes affect the development of personality traits.
2. Secondly, test results can only give a very approximate direction in the development of accentuation. Moreover, there is a high probability of erroneous identification if we adhere to the idea of ​​​​the uniformity of accentuation, which contain a large number of transitional, mixed forms, characterized by extreme polymorphism of manifestations and a richness of shades;
3. Thirdly, it is possible that certain aspects may be emphasized, especially depending on the conditions in which the person is, in particular, at the time of the study.
4. Fourthly, the dynamics of combined personality accentuation can develop both in the direction of psychopathy and in a positive direction, which does not lead to phenomena of social maladjustment.

This is important to know for specialists working with people, in particular, ensuring a favorable psychological climate in the team, both for children and adults.

The author of the methodology, K. Leongard, valued observation, the attentiveness of the researcher and clinical-psychological research above any questionnaires or questionnaires.“I attach great importance to the initial definition of my topic: this work is devoted to individuals not pathological, but normal, albeit accentuated,” he wrote in the preface to the Russian edition of his book.

This technique can be used for both diagnostic and corrective purposes.

Šmishek Questionnaire - a personality questionnaire, which is intended to diagnose the type of personality accentuation, published by G. Shmishek in 1970 and is a modification of the “Methods for studying personality accentuations of K. Leonhard.” It differs from K. Leonhard’s method only in the wording of the questions. The keys, scales, processing and principles for interpreting the results are the same. If K. Leonhard divided accentuations into accentuations of character and accentuations of temperament, then Shmishek divided all personality traits into basic and additional. The main ones, in his opinion, determine the personality as a whole, its adaptive capabilities and character traits. They can acquire a pathological character, destroying the structure of the personality. Smišek test explores character types and is used to study character accentuations.

K. Leonhard 10 types of accentuated personalities have been identified, which are quite arbitrarily divided into two groups: character accentuations (demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable) and temperament accentuations (hyperthymic, dysthymic, anxious-fearful, cyclothymic, affective-exalted, emotive). K Leongard warned researchers to be careful in applying the technique. “Even if we are finally convinced of the presence of this trait, it should be confirmed not by the general phrases of the subject, not by an affirmative “yes,” but by facts from life, actions. The subject can introduce himself as a diligent, purposeful, serious, lively person, etc., but all these statements are worthless if he cannot tell how exactly his diligence or seriousness is manifested. Examples should be expressive and vivid, because we are talking about the qualities that distinguish a given person from the background of average people. Examples should indicate that in a similar situation the behavior of the subject is significantly different from the behavior of others.”

Often in the literature you can find a double name for the technique:

Instructions:

“You are asked to answer 88 questions relating to various aspects of your personality. Next to the question number, put a “+” (yes) sign if you agree, or “-” (no) if you disagree. Answer quickly, don’t hesitate.”

1. Is your mood generally cheerful and carefree?
2. Are you susceptible to insults?
3. Have you ever cried quickly?
4. Do you always consider yourself to be right in what you do, and will you not rest until you are convinced of this?
5. Do you consider yourself more courageous than when you were a child?
6. Can your mood change from deep joy to deep sadness?
7. Are you the center of attention in the company?
8. Do you ever have days when you are in a sullen and irritable mood for no good reason and don't want to talk to anyone?
9. Are you a serious person?
10. Can you get very excited?
11. Are you entrepreneurial?
12. Do you quickly forget if someone offends you?
13. Are you a kind-hearted person?
14. Do you try to check after putting a letter in the mailbox to see if it is still hanging in the slot?
15. Do you always try to be conscientious at work?
16. Were you afraid of thunderstorms or dogs as a child?
17. Do you think other people are not demanding enough of each other?
18. Does your mood depend greatly on life events and experiences?
19. Are you always straightforward with your friends?
20. Is your mood often depressed?
21. Have you had a hysterical attack or nervous system exhaustion before?
22. Are you prone to states of intense inner restlessness or craving?
23. Do you find it difficult to sit in a chair for a long time?
24. Do you fight for your interests if someone treats you unfairly?
25. Could you kill a person?
26. Does a curtain hanging askew or an uneven tablecloth really bother you, so much so that you want to immediately eliminate these shortcomings?
27. Did you experience fear as a child when you were alone in the apartment?
28. Do you often change your mood for no reason?
29. Are you always diligent in your activities?
30. Are you quick to get angry?
31. Can you be recklessly cheerful?
32. Can you sometimes be completely imbued with a feeling of joy?
33. Are you suitable for hosting entertainment events?
34. Do you usually express your frank opinion to people on a particular issue?
35. Does the type of blood affect you?
36. Are you willing to engage in activities that involve great responsibility?
37. Are you inclined to stand up for a person who has been treated unfairly?
38. Do you find it difficult to enter a dark basement?
39. Do you perform painstaking menial tasks as slowly and carefully as you do the work you love?
40. Are you a sociable person?
41. Were you willing to recite poetry at school?
42. Did you run away from home as a child?
43. Do you find life difficult?
44. Have you ever had conflicts and troubles that got on your nerves so much that you didn’t go to work?
45. Can you say that when you fail, you don’t lose your sense of humor?
46. Will you take the first step towards reconciliation if someone insults you?
47. Do you love animals?
48. Will you leave work or home if something is wrong with you?
49. Are you tormented by vague thoughts that some misfortune will happen to you or your relatives?
50. Do you think that your mood depends on the weather?
51. Will performing on stage in front of a large crowd make it difficult for you?
52. Can you lose your temper and let loose if someone deliberately rudely angers you?
53. Do you communicate a lot?
54. If you are disappointed with something, will you despair?
55. Do you like organizational work?
56. Do you persistently strive for your goal, even if there are many obstacles along the way?
57. Can you be so captivated by a movie that tears come to your eyes?
58. Will it be difficult for you to fall asleep if you have been thinking about your future or some problem all day?
59. During your school years, did you have to use hints or copy homework from your friends?
60. Is it difficult for you to go to a cemetery at night?
61. Do you take great care to ensure that every item in the house is in its place?
62. Have you ever gone to bed in a good mood, but woke up in a dejected mood and remained in that mood for several hours?
63. Can you easily adapt to a new situation?
64. Are you prone to headaches?
65. Do you laugh often?
66. Can you be friendly to people without revealing your true feelings towards them?
67. Can you be called a lively and lively person?
68. Do you suffer greatly due to injustice?
69. Can you be called a passionate nature lover?
70. Do you have a habit of checking before going to bed or before leaving that the gas and lights are turned off and the door is closed?
71. Are you fearful?
72. Does it happen that you feel in seventh heaven, although there are no objective reasons for this?
73. In your youth, were you willing to participate in amateur art groups and a theater group?
74. Do you sometimes feel drawn to look into the distance?
75. Are you pessimistic about the future?
76. Can your mood change from extreme joy to deep sadness in a short period of time?
77. Is it easy for you to lift your spirits in a friendly company?
78. Do you carry anger for a long time?
79. Do you worry a lot if grief happens to another person?
80. At school, did you have the habit of rewriting a piece of paper in your notebook if you put a blot on it?
81. Can we say that you are more distrustful and cautious than trusting?
82. Do you often have scary dreams?
83. Have you ever thought about throwing yourself out of a window against your will, under an approaching train?
84. Do you become joyful in a cheerful environment?
85. Can you easily distract yourself from burdensome issues and not think about them?
86. Do you find it difficult to control yourself when you get angry?
87. Do you prefer to be silent (yes), or are you talkative (no)?
88. Could you, if you had to take part in a theatrical performance, enter into the role with complete penetration and transformation and forget about yourself?

Processing the results:

If the answer to a question matches the key, the answer is assigned one point.

When interpreting, they proceed from consideration Total profile. Assumptions about the accentuation of character traits can be made Only then, when the sum is more than 12 points. The maximum score for each type of accentuation is 24 points.

Key

1.Demonstrativeness/demonstrative type:

«+»: 7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88.

«-»: 51.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 2.

2.Stuck/Stuck Type:

«+»: 2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81.

«-»: 12, 46, 59.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 2.

3.Pedantic/pedantic type:

«+»: 4, 14, 17, 26, 39, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83.

«-»: 36.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 2.

4.Excitability/excitable type:

«+»: 8, 20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 74, 86.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

5.Hyperthymia/hyperthymic type:

«+»: 1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

6.Dysthymic/dysthymic type:

«+»: 9, 21, 43, 75, 87.

«-»: 31, 53, 65.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

7.Anxiety/anxious-fearful type:

«+»: 16, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82.

«-»: 5.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

8.Exaltation/affectively exalted type:

«+»: 10, 32, 54, 76.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 6.

9.Emotivity/emotive type:

«+»: 3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79.

«-»: 25.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

10.Cyclothymic/cyclothymic type:

«+»: 6, 18,28,40,50,62,72,84.

Multiply the sum of the answers by 3.

Interpretation of the result:

Types of accentuation

1. Demonstrative type

Characterized by an increased ability to repress, demonstrative behavior, liveliness, mobility, and ease of establishing contacts. He is prone to fantasy, deceit and pretense, aimed at embellishing his person, to adventurism, artistry, and posturing. He is driven by the desire for leadership, the need for recognition, the thirst for constant attention to his person, the thirst for power, praise; the prospect of being undetected weighs him down. He demonstrates high adaptability to people, emotional lability (easy mood swings) in the absence of truly deep feelings, and a tendency to intrigue (with an externally soft manner of communication). There is boundless egocentrism, a thirst for admiration, sympathy, veneration, and surprise. Usually the praise of others in his presence causes him a particularly unpleasant feeling; he cannot stand it. The desire of a company is usually associated with the need to feel like a leader, to occupy an exceptional position. Self-esteem is very far from objectivity. He can irritate with his self-confidence and high claims; he systematically provokes conflicts, but at the same time actively defends himself. Possessing a pathological ability to repress, he can completely forget what he does not want to know about. This unchains him in his lies. Usually he lies with an innocent face, because what he says is true for him at the moment; Apparently, he is not internally aware of his lie, or he is aware of it very shallowly, without noticeable remorse. Able to captivate others with his originality of thinking and actions.

2. Stuck type

He is characterized by moderate sociability, tediousness, a penchant for moralizing, and taciturnity. Often suffers from imaginary injustice towards him. In this regard, he shows wariness and distrust towards people, is sensitive to insults and grief, is vulnerable, suspicious, vindictive, worries about what happened for a long time, and is not able to easily move on from insults. He is characterized by arrogance and often initiates conflicts. Arrogance, rigidity of attitudes and views, and highly developed ambition often lead to persistent assertion of his interests, which he defends with particular vigor. He strives to achieve high results in any business he undertakes and shows great persistence in achieving his goals. The main feature is a tendency to affect (love of truth, resentment, jealousy, suspicion), inertia in the manifestation of affects, in thinking, in motor skills.

3. Pedantic type

It is characterized by rigidity, inertia of mental processes, heaviness to rise, and long experience of traumatic events. He rarely enters into conflicts, acting as a passive rather than an active party. At the same time, he reacts very strongly to any manifestation of disorder. At work he behaves like a bureaucrat, making many formal demands on others. Punctual, neat, pays special attention to cleanliness and order, scrupulous, conscientious, inclined to strictly follow the plan, unhurried in carrying out actions, diligent, focused on high quality work and special accuracy, prone to frequent self-examinations, doubts about the correctness of the work performed, grumbling, formalism . Willingly cedes leadership to other people.

4. Excitable type

Insufficient controllability, weakening of control over drives and impulses are combined in people of this type with the power of physiological drives. He is characterized by increased impulsiveness, instinctiveness, rudeness, tediousness, gloominess, anger, a tendency to rudeness and abuse, to friction and conflicts, in which he himself is an active, provoking party. Irritable, quick-tempered, often changes jobs, and is difficult to get along with in a team. There is low contact in communication, slowness of verbal and non-verbal reactions, heaviness of actions. For him, no work becomes attractive, he works only when necessary, and shows the same reluctance to learn. Indifferent to the future, he lives entirely in the present, wanting to extract a lot of entertainment from it. Increased impulsiveness or the resulting arousal reaction is difficult to suppress and can be dangerous to others. He can be domineering, choosing the weakest for communication.

5. Hyperthymic type

People of this type are distinguished by great mobility, sociability, talkativeness, expressiveness of gestures, facial expressions, pantomimes, excessive independence, a tendency to mischief, and a lack of a sense of distance in relationships with others. They often spontaneously deviate from the original topic of conversation. They make a lot of noise everywhere, love the company of their peers, and strive to boss them around. They almost always have a very good mood, good health, high vitality, often a flourishing appearance, good appetite, healthy sleep, a tendency towards gluttony and other joys of life. These are people with high self-esteem, cheerful, frivolous, superficial and at the same time businesslike, inventive, brilliant interlocutors; people who know how to entertain others, are energetic, active, and proactive. A great desire for independence can be a source of conflict. They are characterized by outbursts of anger and irritation, especially when they encounter strong opposition and fail. They are prone to immoral acts, increased irritability, and projectism. They do not take their responsibilities seriously enough. They find it difficult to endure the conditions of strict discipline, monotonous activity, and forced loneliness.

6. Dysthymic type

People of this type are distinguished by seriousness, even depressed mood, slowness and weakness of volitional efforts. They are characterized by a pessimistic attitude towards the future, low self-esteem, as well as low contact, reticence in conversation, even silence. Such people are homebodies, individualists; They usually avoid society and noisy company and lead a secluded lifestyle. They are often gloomy, inhibited, and tend to fixate on the shadow sides of life. They are conscientious, value those who are friends with them, and are ready to obey them; they have a heightened sense of justice, as well as slow thinking.

7. Anxious type

People of this type are characterized by low communication, minor mood, timidity, timidity, and lack of self-confidence. Children of the anxious type are often afraid of the dark, animals, and are afraid to be alone. They avoid noisy and lively peers, do not like excessively noisy games, experience a feeling of timidity and shyness, and have a hard time with tests, exams, and inspections. They are often embarrassed to answer in front of the class. They willingly submit to the tutelage of their elders; adult lectures can cause them remorse, guilt, tears, and despair. They early develop a sense of duty, responsibility, and high moral and ethical requirements. They try to disguise the feeling of their own inferiority in self-affirmation through those types of activities where they can reveal their abilities to a greater extent. The touchiness, sensitivity, and shyness characteristic of them since childhood prevent them from getting close to those with whom they want; a particularly weak link is the reaction to the attitude of others towards them. Intolerance to ridicule and suspicion are accompanied by the inability to stand up for oneself, to defend the truth in the face of unfair accusations. They rarely enter into conflicts with others, playing a mainly passive role in them; in conflict situations, they seek support and support. They are friendly, self-critical, and diligent. Due to their defenselessness, they often serve as scapegoats, targets for jokes,

8. Exalted type

A striking feature of this type is the ability to admire, admire, as well as smiling, a feeling of happiness, joy, and pleasure. These feelings can often arise in them for a reason that does not cause much excitement in others; they easily become delighted with joyful events and in complete despair with sad ones. They are characterized by high contact, talkativeness, and amorousness. Such people often argue, but do not lead to open conflicts. In conflict situations, they are both active and passive parties. They are attached to friends and loved ones, altruistic, have a sense of compassion, good taste, and show brightness and sincerity of feelings. They can be alarmists, subject to momentary moods, impulsive, easily move from a state of delight to a state of sadness, and have mental lability.

9. Emotive type

This type is related to the exalted one, but its manifestations are not so violent. They are characterized by emotionality, sensitivity, anxiety, talkativeness, timidity, and deep reactions in the area of ​​subtle feelings. Their most strongly expressed feature is humanity, empathy for other people or animals, responsiveness, kindness, they rejoice at the successes of others. They are impressionable, tearful, and take any life events more seriously than other people. Teenagers react sharply to scenes from films where someone is in danger; scenes of violence can cause them a strong shock that will not be forgotten for a long time and can disturb their sleep. They rarely enter into conflicts; they carry grievances within themselves without spilling them out. They are characterized by a heightened sense of duty and diligence. They take care of nature, love to grow plants and care for animals.

10. Cyclothymic type

Characterized by alternating hyperthymic and dysthymic states. They are characterized by frequent periodic mood swings, as well as dependence on external events. Joyful events cause pictures of hyperthymia in them: thirst for activity, increased talkativeness, racing ideas; sad ones - depression, slowness of reactions and thinking, their manner of communication with people around them also often changes.

In adolescence, two variants of cyclothymic accentuation can be found: typical and labile cycloids. Typical cycloids in childhood usually give the impression of being hyperthymic, but then lethargy and loss of strength appear; what was previously easy to achieve now requires exorbitant effort. Previously noisy and lively, they become lethargic homebodies, there is a decrease in appetite, insomnia or, conversely, drowsiness. They react to comments with irritation, even rudeness and anger, in the depths of their souls, however, at the same time falling into despondency, deep depression, suicidal attempts are not excluded. They study unevenly, make up for any omissions with difficulty, and create in themselves an aversion to studying. In labile cycloids, the phases of mood changes are usually shorter than in typical cycloids. Bad days are marked by more bad mood than lethargy. During the period of recovery, the desire to have friends and be in company is expressed. Mood affects self-esteem.

Interpretation based on materials from the site psylab.info