The relationship between communication and interpersonal relationships. Communication and interpersonal relationships Communication and interpersonal relationships in psychology

Reading time 8 minutes

Interpersonal relationships are: no area of life is complete without interaction with people. Types of interpersonal relationships manifest themselves in various areas of an individual’s activity, and also directly affect almost all areas of his life. Communication is the main component of human life. And the quality of interpersonal connections directly affects a person’s standard of living and his psycho-emotional state of mind. After all, it is impossible to live in harmony if there are constantly quarrels with loved ones in the house, misunderstandings arise in relationships with friends, and an unfavorable atmosphere in the team reigns at work. Therefore, for the comprehensive development of personality and the successful organization of one’s own life, it is extremely important to have an established communication function.

The most important meetings are arranged by souls, even before the bodies of the body meet.
As a rule, these meetings occur at the moment when we reach the limit, when we feel the need to die and be reborn. Meetings await us - but how often do we avoid them ourselves! And when we despair, realizing that we have nothing to lose, or, on the contrary, we enjoy life too much, the unknown appears and our galaxy changes its orbit. © Paulo Coelho

Absolutely all the people who meet on our way are sent to us for a reason. From all contacts you can either gain some benefit or help another person in some way. Perhaps a new acquaintance was sent to you to gain life experience, or maybe he is destined to become your companion throughout your life. It is necessary to be able to find out the reason why the Universe arranged a meeting with a particular subject. Various types of interpersonal relationships imply the presence of people whose meetings can be called fateful.

What types of interpersonal relationships exist in general? How to achieve harmony in relationships with people around you? And what methods exist to develop the quality of communication? The answers to these questions can be found in this article.

interpersonal relationships are

Interpersonal relationships refer to any type of relationship with other people. As a rule, they reflect the inner world of a person, convey his emotions and moods. Interpersonal relationships imply a complex of different types of communication: verbal and non-verbal, facial expressions, gestures, behavioral characteristics, emotional manifestations and much more.

Misunderstanding always causes aggression. The degree of aggressiveness can probably be a measure of misunderstanding. © V.V. Nalimov

The formation of interpersonal relationships begins from the very birth of a person and lasts throughout his life. Initially, an individual learns to build correct interactions with society with the help of parents, educators and teachers. But over time, when the individual’s personality is finally formed, the construction of interpersonal contacts depends purely on the individual’s individual qualities and his ability to communicate.

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

The classification of interpersonal connections is quite extensive. They are divided by purpose and character, and are also differentiated into types and styles.

According to the purpose, there are primary and secondary interpersonal connections. Primary is the type when people interact with each other on an equal footing, without any specific need. Secondary relationships are carried out when there is a need for certain assistance, the provision of a service by one person to another.
By nature, interpersonal relationships can be formal or informal (unofficial). Official interactions between people are based on adherence to strict rules and boundaries of communication. There is no right to independently choose a partner. Most often these are relationships between colleagues or business partners. In informal communication, there are no clear behavioral frameworks; the basis of informal interpersonal relationships is a broad emotional base and the right to choose an opponent. In informal relationships, personal preferences dominate, both in terms of who to communicate with and in the choice of topics and method of communication.
In style, social contacts can also be official (for example, interaction with a work team) or personal (this category includes friendly, friendly interpersonal connections). Personal relationships are more pleasant and varied, richer emotionally than official ones.

To have a human relationship with someone means to be with him on equal terms, to speak with him confidentially in addition to love; and this is also called friendship. © Françoise Sagan

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

The division of interpersonal relationships into types is more specific. There are five main types of human connections, interpersonal relationships are:

Acquaintance. The first and most extensive type of interpersonal relationships. A very large number of people fall into this category. Even people who are familiar to you solely visually, with whom you have never entered into dialogue, belong to this type of relationship.
Friendly relations. This type is based on mutual affection and the mutual desire of people to maintain relationships, a desire to spend time together.
Companionship. All participants in this category are united by the presence of a common type of activity. People who maintain friendly contacts are united by a common goal, their communication is aimed at achieving it.
Friendly relations. In order to achieve them, you need to make a lot of effort and have certain personal qualities. Not all people are able to maintain friendly relations; many do not know friendship in any of its manifestations. This type of interpersonal relationship brings incredible benefits to a person, both emotionally and in the form of moral support and all kinds of assistance.
Love relationships (romance, passion). Just like friendship, love requires long and hard work to create a favorable background against which such relationships would harmoniously develop. Love is one of the most powerful motivations; it is a great driving force. However, not everyone can comprehend this feeling. And the point is not only in individual qualities, but also in the fact that you may not find a worthy partner.

It should be remembered that each person bears a certain degree of responsibility for any type of relationship: be it interpersonal relationships in the family, in love or friendship, or relationships with colleagues. The success of building relationships depends fifty percent on you; you are half responsible for the final result of communication with a person. This is especially true for such categories of relationships as love and friendship.

A relationship without responsibility and its awareness is just a hobby, or even worse, a habit. Responsibility cannot show whether you are compatible or not, but it can show the significance of your relationship, but then it’s up to you to decide. © Nathaniel O'Farrell

SYSTEMS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

In addition to the above types of relationships, there is also a systematic division into rational and emotional relationships, as well as parity and subordination. Let's look at them in more detail:

Rational relationships. It logically follows that the basis and goal of this type of relationship is the intention to receive benefits. A rational system of relations implies a certain mutual benefit for all participants in the communication.
Emotional social connections are based on personal preferences, based on sensory contacts, which may not always be positive. Along with friendship and love, emotional relationships also include enmity, antipathy, and hatred.
Parity contacts - communication between a couple or a group of people in this category is based on equality. The basis of these interpersonal relationships is complete freedom of choice.
Subordinate relationships are those that have a clear hierarchy. For example, this could be communication between a boss and subordinates.

THE ROLE OF FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

All types of contacts between people are very closely interconnected, for this reason it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them. Also, interpersonal relationships are based on human feelings and emotions. The sensual development of relationships is characterized by both positive and negative emotional manifestations.

When we meet any new person in our lives, we immediately evaluate him - whether he is sympathetic to us or, on the contrary, extremely antipathetic. Based on this, the foundation for future contacts begins to be laid. All types of interpersonal relationships are built on this principle.

People who have a sense of empathy, know how to empathize and rejoice in the successes of others, are more predisposed to building harmonious relationships with others. Such individuals are conducive to communication, it is pleasant to contact them, you want to continue the connection, and also give in return those positive vibes that come from harmonious, positively minded people.

BASICS OF CORRECT COMMUNICATION

The main problem of interpersonal relationships is a violation of communicative function. If a person does not know how to communicate correctly and is afraid to establish contacts with people, then any type of interpersonal relationships are unlikely to develop successfully.

Communication is everything in a relationship. Solve any problems through dialogue." © Ekaterina Makarova

There are several effective tips on how to learn to communicate with people:

There are situations when, during communication, people cannot find the right words, do not know what to talk about and how to build a constructive dialogue. As a result, misunderstandings arise in relationships.

What communication mistakes should you try to avoid so that types of interpersonal relationships are not at risk of unfavorable development?

Watch your tone, facial expressions and gestures. Avoid an indifferent tone, a bored look, skeptical assessments - such manifestations discourage the desire to continue communication.
The language barrier. This is not just a problem of people speaking different languages. Also, a language barrier can arise between people with different levels of development, age characteristics and speech culture. For example, you won’t be able to talk with children the same way as with adults, if only because most of the words and terms that adults use in conversation may be unknown to children.
Manifestations of social phobia. It happens that a person, for inexplicable reasons, feels afraid of communicating with people. This is why awkward situations and pauses arise when trying to establish contact with the interlocutor. If you are faced with a similar problem, then you need to show inner willpower and resilience to work on improving your communication functions.

The only time in a person’s life when he is objectively dependent and when he can be considered a hostage is his childhood and dependence on his parents. It doesn't last long. In other cases of being in a relationship, it is the adult’s choice. © Mikhail Labkovsky

Every person is born and lives in society throughout his life. Complete isolation is completely impossible. There are options to trim and reduce the types of interpersonal relationships, leaving only the most necessary areas of social connection. But without successful construction of social communication connections, harmonious personal growth and development is impossible.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Communication and interpersonal relationships

Introduction

Man is a social being. His life and communication are impossible without interaction with people. Social psychology studies how people communicate and interact with each other. What they think about each other, how they influence each other, and how they treat each other reveals how social conditions influence people's behavior.

At present, it is no longer necessary to prove that interpersonal communication is an absolutely necessary condition for the existence of people, that without it it is impossible to fully form in a person a single mental function or mental process, not a single block of mental properties, the personality as a whole.

For interpersonal communication, a typical situation is when participants in communication, entering into contacts, pursue more or less significant goals in relation to each other, which may coincide in their content, or may differ from each other. These goals are a consequence of the action of certain motives that the participants in communication have; their achievement constantly involves the use of various methods of behavior, which each person develops as his qualities as an object and subject of communication develop. All this means that interpersonal communication, according to its main characteristics, is always a type of activity, the essence of which is human-human interaction. It is about interpersonal communication, as one of the main factors in the formation of personality, that I would like to talk further.

1. Functions and structure of communication

Communication is a nonspecific form of human interaction with other people as members of society; social relationships between people are realized in communication.

There are three interconnected sides in communication: the communicative side of communication consists of the exchange of information between people; the interactive side is about organizing interaction between people; the perceptual side of communication includes the process of communication partners perceiving each other and establishing mutual understanding on this basis.

The following stages are distinguished in the communication procedure: the need for communication - encourages a person to come into contact with other people; orientation for the purposes of communication, in a communication situation; orientation in the personality of the interlocutor; planning the content of your communication - a person imagines what exactly he will say; unconsciously a person chooses specific means, phrases that he will use, decides how to speak, how to behave; perception and assessment of the interlocutor’s specific reaction, monitoring the effectiveness of communication based on feedback; adjustment of direction, style, communication methods.

If any of the links in the act of communication is broken, then the speaker will not be able to achieve the expected results of communication - it will turn out to be ineffective.

The following communication strategies are distinguished: open - closed communication, monologue - dialogical, role-playing (based on the social role) - personal (heart-to-heart communication).

Types of communication:

- “Contact of masks” - formal communication, when there is no desire to understand and take into account the personality characteristics of the interlocutor, they use familiar masks - a set of facial expressions, gestures, standard phrases that allow one to hide true emotions and attitude towards the interlocutor. In the city, the contact of masks is even necessary in some situations, so that people do not “touch” each other unnecessarily, in order to “distance themselves” from the interlocutor.

Primitive communication, when they evaluate another person as a necessary or interfering object: if necessary, they actively come into contact, if it interferes, they will push away or follow with aggressive, rude remarks. If they get what they want from their interlocutor, they lose interest in him and do not hide it.

Formally, it is steering communication, when both the content and means of communication are regulated and instead of knowing the personality of the interlocutor, they make do with knowledge of his social role.

Business communication, when the personality, character, age, and mood of the interlocutor are taken into account, but the interests of the business are more significant than possible personal differences.

Spiritual. Interpersonal communication between friends, when you can touch on any topic and do not necessarily resort to words - your friend will understand you by facial expression, movements, and intonation. Such communication is possible when each participant has an image of the interlocutor, knows his personality, interests, beliefs, attitudes, and can anticipate his reactions.

Manipulative communication is aimed at extracting benefits from the interlocutor using various techniques (flattery, intimidation, “showing off”, deception, demonstration of kindness) depending on the personality characteristics of the interlocutor.

Social communication. The essence of secular communication is its pointlessness, i.e. people say not what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases; this communication is closed, because people’s points of view on this or that issue do not matter and do not determine the nature of communications.

2. Place and nature of interpersonal relationships

In the socio-psychological literature, different points of view are expressed on the question of where interpersonal relationships are “located”, primarily in relation to the system of social relations. Sometimes they are considered on a par with social relations, at their basis, or, on the contrary, at the highest level, in other cases - as a reflection in the consciousness of social relations of the system of psychology, etc. It seems (and this is confirmed by numerous studies) that the nature of interpersonal relations can be correctly understood if they are not put on a par with social relations, but if we see in them a special series of relations that arise within each type of social relations, not outside them (whether “below”, “above”, “side” or whatever). Schematically, this can be represented as a section through a special plane of the system of social relations: what is found in this “section” of economic, social, political and other types of social relations is interpersonal relations.

With this understanding, it becomes clear why interpersonal relationships seem to “mediate” the impact on the individual of a broader social whole. Ultimately, interpersonal relationships are determined by objective social relations, but only in the final analysis. Practically both series of relations are given together, and underestimation of the second series prevents a truly in-depth analysis of the relations of the first series.

The existence of interpersonal relations within various forms of social relations is, as it were, the implementation of impersonal relations in the activities of specific individuals, in the acts of their communication and interaction.

At the same time, during this implementation, relations between people (including social ones) are again reproduced. In other words, this means that in the objective fabric of social relations there are moments emanating from the conscious will and special goals of individuals. It is here that the social and the psychological directly collide. Therefore, for social psychology, the formulation of this problem is of paramount importance.

The proposed structure of relations gives rise to the most important consequence. For each participant in interpersonal relationships, these relationships may seem to be the only reality of any relationship whatsoever. Although in reality the content of interpersonal relations is ultimately one or another type of social relations, i.e. certain social activities, but the content and especially their essence remain largely hidden. Despite the fact that in the process of interpersonal, and therefore social relations, people exchange thoughts and are aware of their relationships, this awareness often does not go further than the knowledge that people have entered into interpersonal relationships.

Certain moments of social relations are presented to their participants only as their interpersonal relationships: someone is perceived as an “evil teacher”, as a “cunning merchant”, etc. At the level of ordinary consciousness, without special theoretical analysis, this is exactly the situation. Therefore, the motives of behavior are often explained by this picture of relationships given on the surface, and not at all by the actual objective relationships behind this picture. Everything is further complicated by the fact that interpersonal relationships are the actual reality of social relations: outside of them, there are no “pure” social relations anywhere. Therefore, in almost all group actions, their participants appear in two capacities: as performers of an impersonal social role and as unique human individuals. This gives grounds to introduce the concept of “interpersonal role” as a fixation of a person’s position not in the system of social relations, but in the system of only group connections, and not on the basis of his objective place in this system, but on the basis of the individual psychological characteristics of the individual. Examples of such interpersonal roles are well known from everyday life: about individual people in a group they say that he is a “good guy”, “one of the guys”, “a scapegoat”, etc. The discovery of personality traits in the style of fulfilling a social role evokes responses in other members of the group, and thus a whole system of interpersonal relationships arises in the group.

The nature of interpersonal relations differs significantly from the nature of social relations: their most important specific feature is their emotional basis. Therefore, interpersonal relationships can be considered as a factor in the psychological “climate” of the group. The emotional basis of interpersonal relationships means that they arise and develop on the basis of certain feelings that arise in people towards each other. In the domestic school of psychology, three types or levels of emotional manifestations of personality are distinguished: affects, emotions and feelings. The emotional basis of interpersonal relationships includes all types of these emotional manifestations.

However, in social psychology it is the third component of this scheme that is usually characterized - feelings, and the term is not used in the strictest sense. Naturally, the “set” of these feelings is limitless. However, all of them can be reduced into two large groups:

Conjunctive - this includes various kinds of things that bring people together, uniting their feelings. In each case of such a relationship, the other party acts as a desired object, in relation to which a willingness to cooperate, to joint actions, etc. is demonstrated;

Disjunctive feelings - these include feelings that separate people, when the other side appears as unacceptable, perhaps even as a frustrating object, in relation to which there is no desire to cooperate, etc. The intensity of both types of feelings can be very different. The specific level of their development, naturally, cannot be indifferent to the activities of groups.

At the same time, the analysis of only these interpersonal relationships cannot be considered sufficient to characterize the group: in practice, relationships between people do not develop only on the basis of direct emotional contacts. The activity itself sets another series of relationships mediated by it. That is why it is an extremely important and difficult task for social psychology to simultaneously analyze two series of relationships in a group: both interpersonal and those mediated by joint activities, i.e., ultimately, the social relations behind them.

3. Communication in the system of interpersonal and social relations

Analysis of the connection between social and interpersonal relations allows us to place the correct emphasis on the question of the place of communication in the entire complex system of human connections with the outside world. However, first it is necessary to say a few words about the problem of communication in general. The solution to this problem is very specific within the framework of domestic social psychology. The term “communication” itself does not have an exact analogue in traditional social psychology, not only because it is not entirely equivalent to the commonly used English term “communication,” but also because its content can only be considered in the conceptual dictionary of a special psychological theory, namely the theory activities.

Both sets of human relationships - both social and interpersonal - are revealed and realized precisely in communication. Thus, the roots of communication are in the very material life of individuals. Communication is the realization of the entire system of human relations. “Under normal circumstances, a person’s relationship to the objective world around him is always mediated by his relationship to people, to society, i.e. included in communication. Here it is especially important to emphasize the idea that in real communication not only interpersonal relationships of people are given, i.e. not only their emotional attachments, hostility, etc. are revealed, but social ones are also embodied in the fabric of communication, i.e. relationships are impersonal in nature. The diverse relationships of a person are not covered only by interpersonal contact: a person’s position outside the narrow framework of interpersonal connections, in a broader social system, where his place is not determined by the expectations of the individuals interacting with him, also requires a certain construction of the system of his connections, and this process can also only be realized in communication. Without communication, human society is simply unthinkable. Communication appears in it as a way of cementing individuals and at the same time as a way of developing these individuals themselves. It is from here that the existence of communication flows both as a reality of social relations and as a reality of interpersonal relations. Apparently, this made it possible for Saint-Exupery to paint a poetic image of communication as “the only luxury that a person has.”

Naturally, each series of relationships is realized in specific forms of communication. Communication as the implementation of interpersonal relationships is a process more studied in social psychology, while communication between groups is more likely to be studied in sociology. Communication, including in the system of interpersonal relations, is forced by the joint life activity of people, therefore it is necessary to carry out a wide variety of interpersonal relationships, i.e. given both in the case of a positive and in the case of a negative attitude of one person towards another. The type of interpersonal relationship is not indifferent to how communication will be built, but it exists in specific forms, even when the relationship is extremely strained. The same applies to the characterization of communication at the macro level as the implementation of social relations. And in this case, whether groups or individuals communicate with each other as representatives of social groups, the act of communication must inevitably take place, is forced to take place, even if the groups are antagonistic. This dual understanding of communication - in the broad and narrow sense of the word - follows from the very logic of understanding the connection between interpersonal and social relations. In this case, it is appropriate to appeal to Marx’s idea that communication is an unconditional companion of human history (in this sense, we can talk about the significance of communication in the “phylogenesis” of society) and at the same time an unconditional companion in everyday activities, in everyday contacts of people. In the first plan, one can trace the historical change in forms of communication, i.e. changing them as society develops along with the development of economic, social and other public relations. Here the most difficult methodological question is being resolved: how does a process figure in the system of impersonal relations, which by its nature requires the participation of individuals? Acting as a representative of a certain social group, a person communicates with another representative of another social group and simultaneously realizes two types of relationships: both impersonal and personal. A peasant, selling a product on the market, receives a certain amount of money for it, and money here acts as the most important means of communication in the system of social relations. At the same time, this same peasant bargains with the buyer and thereby “personally” communicates with him, and the means of this communication is human speech. On the surface of phenomena, a form of direct communication is given - communication, but behind it there is communication forced by the system of social relations itself, in this case the relations of commodity production. In socio-psychological analysis, one can abstract from the “secondary plan”, but in real life this “secondary plan” of communication is always present.

4. Factors that determine interpersonal communication

In the overwhelming majority of cases, interpersonal interaction between people, designated as communication, is almost always woven into the activity and acts as a condition for its implementation. Thus, without people communicating with each other, there cannot be collective work, learning, art, games, or the functioning of the media. At the same time, the type of activity that communication serves invariably leaves its mark on the content, form, and flow of the entire process of communication between the performers of this activity.

Interpersonal communication is not only a necessary component of activity, the implementation of which involves the interaction of people, but at the same time a prerequisite for the normal functioning of a community of people.

When comparing the nature of interpersonal communication in different associations of people, the presence of similarities and differences is striking. The similarity lies in the fact that communication turns out to be a necessary condition for their existence, a factor on which the successful solution of the tasks facing them and their movement forward depend. At the same time, each community is characterized by the type of activity that predominates in it. So, for an educational group such activity will be mastering knowledge, skills and abilities, for a sports team - a performance designed to achieve the planned result in competitions, for a family - raising children, ensuring living conditions, organizing leisure time, etc. Therefore, in each type of community it is clear the predominant type of interpersonal communication is visible, providing the main activity for this community.

At the same time, it is clear that the way people communicate in a community is influenced not only by the main activity for this community, but also necessarily by what this community itself is.

If we take a family, then its daily goals - raising children, doing household chores, organizing leisure time, etc. - specifically program the interpersonal communication of family members with each other. However, how it turns out in reality depends on the composition of the family, whether it is a complete or incomplete family, “three or two” - or “one-generation”. Specific characteristics of intrafamily interpersonal communication also turn out to be related to the moral and general cultural image of the spouses, their understanding of their parental responsibilities, the age and health of children and other family members. As in any other community, the features of interaction in the form of interpersonal communication and in the family are also largely determined by how family members perceive and understand each other, what emotional response they primarily evoke in each other and what style of behavior they have towards each other they allow you to see a friend.

The communities to which a person belongs form the standards of communication that a person gets used to following. Bearing in mind the persistent influence of the type of activity and the characteristics of the community of people in which interpersonal communication takes place, it is necessary when analyzing to make allowances for the constant variability of the process of activity and the community of people. All these changes taken together necessarily affect the interpersonal communication of the performers of this activity.

In the interaction of people, each person constantly finds himself in the role of object and subject of communication. As a subject, he gets to know other participants in communication, shows interest in them, and perhaps indifference or hostility. As a subject solving a certain task in relation to them, he influences them. At the same time, he turns out to be an object of knowledge for everyone with whom he communicates. He turns out to be the object to which they address their feelings, to which they try to influence, to more or less strongly influence. It should be specially emphasized that this presence of each participant in communication simultaneously in the role of object and subject is characteristic of any type of direct communication between people.

Being in the position of an object (subject) of communication, people differ greatly from each other in the nature of their role. First, “doing” can be more or less conscious. As an object, a person can show other people his physical appearance, expressive behavior, appearance, and his actions, naturally without thinking at all about the response they evoke in those with whom he communicates. But he can try to determine what impression he evokes in others throughout his communication with them or at some particular moment, purposefully do everything in his power to form in others about himself exactly the impression that he would like them to have. was. Secondly, differing in the degree of complexity of their personal structure, which characterizes their individual identity, people have unequal opportunities for successful interaction with them.

At the same time, being subjects of communication, people differ from each other in the inherent ability of each of them to penetrate into the mentioned uniqueness of another person, determine their attitude towards her, and choose the methods of influencing this person that are most appropriate, in their opinion, to the goals of the communication they are carrying out.

Currently, the phenomenon of so-called compatibility or incompatibility of people is widely studied in psychology. The facts collected at the same time show that the above-mentioned greater or lesser compatibility most strongly makes itself felt precisely in the communication of people, directly determining how they manifest themselves as objects and subjects of communication.

Nowadays it is very important for psychological science, using comparison, to develop a typology of communication between individuals who are similar to each other in certain parameters or differ from each other also in certain parameters.

5. Communication and personality formation

Recently, scientists representing various fields of psychological science have shown increased interest in a range of problems, which, once solved, together will make it possible to quite comprehensively cover the patterns of the communication mechanism.

Their efforts have enriched psychology with a number of general and more specific facts, which, when considered from the standpoint of a holistic theory of human development as an individual and as a personality, convincingly show the extremely necessary role of communication in the formation of many important characteristics of mental processes, states and properties throughout a person’s life.

It is necessary to sequentially consider all these facts and try to trace how and why communication, along with work, acts as an obligatory personality-forming factor and how to strengthen its importance in education.

If by activity we mean the activity of a person aimed at achieving certain goals that he is aware of using the methods he has learned in society and stimulated by equally certain motives, then the activity will be not only the work of a surgeon, a painter, but also the interaction of people with each other in the form of communication.

After all, it is clear that when entering into communication with each other, people also, as a rule, pursue some goal: to make another person like-minded, to achieve recognition from him, to keep him from doing the wrong thing, to please him, etc. To implement it, they more or less consciously use their speech, all their expression, and they are encouraged to act in such cases exactly this way, and not otherwise by their needs, interests, beliefs, and value orientations.

At the same time, characterizing communication as a special type of activity, it is necessary to see that without it, the full development of a person as a person and a subject of activity, as an individual, cannot occur.

If the process of this development is not considered one-sidedly and is assessed realistically, then it turns out that a person’s objective activity in all its modifications and his communication with other people are intertwined in life in the most intimate way.

While playing, the child communicates. Teaching that lasts many years necessarily involves communication. Work, as we know, in the overwhelming majority of cases requires constant interaction between people in the form of communication. And the results of the substantive practical activity of the people involved in it depend on how communication proceeds and is organized. In turn, the course and results of this activity constantly and inevitably affect many characteristics of the communicative activity of people involved in the subject activity.

Both the formation of a number of stable characteristics of mental processes, states and properties of a person’s personality, and the formation of the structure of these properties, are influenced jointly by objective activity and communication activity, with different effects depending on their relationship.

If the moral norms by which people communicate in their main work activity do not coincide with the norms underlying their communication in other types of activity, then the development of their personality will be more or less contradictory, the formation of an integral personality will be difficult for everyone .

Trying to find out the reasons that make communication one of the strongest factors involved in the formation of personality, it would be simplistic to see its educational significance only in the fact that in this way people get the opportunity to convey to each other the knowledge about the reality around them that they possess, as well as skills and skills required by a person to successfully perform a subject activity.

The educational significance of communication lies not only in the fact that it expands a person’s general horizons and contributes to the development of mental formations that are necessary for him to successfully perform activities of an objective nature. The educational significance of communication also lies in the fact that it is a prerequisite for the formation of a person’s general intellect, and, above all, many of his mental and mnemonic characteristics.

What demands do the people around a person place on his attention, perception, memory, imagination, thinking, when they communicate with him on a daily basis, what kind of “food” is given to him, what tasks are set for him and what level of his activity is evoked - from this in To a greater extent, it depends on the specific combination of different characteristics that human intelligence carries.

Communication as an activity is no less important for the development of a person’s emotional sphere and the formation of his feelings. What experiences are primarily provoked by people communicating with a person, assessing his deeds and appearance, responding in one way or another to his appeal to them, what feelings appear in him when he sees their deeds and actions - all this has the strongest influence on the development of his personality stable emotional responses to the influence of certain aspects of reality - natural phenomena, social events, groups of people, etc.

Communication has an equally significant impact on the volitional development of a person. Whether he gets used to being collected, persistent, decisive, courageous, purposeful, or whether the opposite qualities will prevail in him - all this is largely determined by how conducive to the development of these qualities are the specific communication situations in which a person finds himself every day.

Serving objective activity and contributing to the formation of the typical general characteristics of a person’s outlook, ability to handle objects, as well as his intellect and emotional-volitional sphere, communication to an even greater extent turns out to be an obligatory condition and a necessary prerequisite for the development of a complex of both simpler and more complex qualities that make him capable of living among people, coexisting with them, and even rising to the point of implementing high moral principles in his behavior.

The completeness and correctness of a person’s assessment of other people, the psychological attitudes that he manifests in the perception of others and the manner of responding to their behavior bear the stamp of a specific communication experience. If on his life’s path he met people who were similar in merits and demerits to each other, and day after day he had to communicate with a small number of people who did not represent different age, gender, professional and national class groups of people, then this limitation of personal impressions of meetings with people cannot but have a negative impact on the formation of evaluative standards in a person, which he begins to apply to other people, and on the result of his emotional reactions to their behavior, on the nature of the ways of responding to the actions of people with whom he is for one reason or another communicates now.

One’s own experience is only one way to develop in a person the qualities necessary for successful communication with other people. Another way, which complements the first, is the constant enrichment of theoretical information related to various areas of human knowledge, penetration into new layers of the human psyche, comprehension of the laws governing his behavior through reading scientific and genuine fiction, watching realistic films and performances that help penetration into the inner world of man, understanding the mechanisms that ensure his existence. The enrichment of people from various sources with generalized knowledge about the main manifestations of a person as a person, stable dependencies connecting its internal characteristics with his actions, as well as with the surrounding reality, makes these people more visible in relation to the personal essence and, so to speak, the momentary state of everyone of those specific individuals with whom these people have to interact.

It is necessary to raise one more issue that is directly related to developing a person’s ability to interact with other people at a psychologically competent level - this is the formation of an attitude towards creativity in communication. A person, especially if he is a teacher, leader, doctor, must be able to carry out an individual approach to each of those with whom he has to work, overcome formalism in communication and, moving away from evaluative stereotypes, identify, step over old behavioral patterns, look for and try the most educationally appropriate methods of address for the given case.

To achieve tangible results in covering all areas of the process of personality formation in communication, it is necessary to pose new questions and look for scientifically convincing answers to them. These include the development of ways to manage communication in order to increase its educational impact on the individual and, in connection with this, the determination of targeted correction of communication of an individual who has these specific properties; clarification of the characteristics of communication that are most conducive to the comprehensive development of personality, its goals, means, actualization of motives, taking into account the age, gender and profession of those communicating; search for an educationally optimal organization of communication when people perform various types of activities; creation of reliable diagnostic tools to establish the degree of formation in the personality structure of the traits that form the “communication block”.

communication interpersonal personality educational

Conclusion

All of the above illuminates one idea: since communication is one of the main types of human activity, it not only reveals the most significant characteristics of them as objects and subjects of communication, but depending on how it proceeds, what demands it makes on their cognitive processes, emotionally -volitional sphere and to what extent it generally corresponds to the ideal of communication that each of them has, in different directions influences the further formation of their personality and most clearly on such blocks of properties in it, in which its attitude towards other people and towards itself is expressed. And the changes that occur in them under the influence of one way or another (with a positive or negative result for the goals of each participant) of the unfolding communication, in turn, more or less strongly influence such basic properties of the individual, which express his attitude to various social institutions and communities of people, to nature, to work.

Correctly assessing the role of communication in a timely manner to stimulate the optimal emotional state of the individual, the maximum manifestation of his socially approved inclinations and abilities and, finally, to shape him as a whole in the direction needed by society is necessary because communication as a value in the system of values that most people have very high place.

Bibliography

1. Stolyarenko L.D. Basics of psychology. Tutorial. - Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2006, 672.

2. Ilyin E. Psychology of communication and interpersonal relations. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2011, 573 p.

3. Nemov R.S. "General fundamentals of psychology." Moscow, 1994

4. Andreeva G.M. Social Psychology. M: 1998.

Posted on Allbest.ru

What is interpersonal communication?

A person inevitably faces the need to maintain interpersonal communication, which involves verbal contact with other people. Living in society, a person encounters others with whom he conducts short or long dialogues. However, if a person periodically encounters a specific individual, wishes to continue communication and contact with him, and have common activities, then a relationship arises.

Interpersonal relationships mean the interaction of people aimed at achieving certain goals. Interpersonal relationships also arise in the group. If at the level of the entire team people secretly achieve a common goal, then at the level of each person there is his own goal that he sets for himself, which is why he comes into contact with others.

Interpersonal relationships play an important role in the development of the entire society. If people did not unite and communicate, then there would be no civilized society. Perhaps people would not have existed long ago if not a single person felt the need to be liked, communicate, get closer and have contact with other people.

Interpersonal relationships become the most important in the study. The reason for this is that in the process of contact people interact, perform actions, and achieve certain goals. There are many nuances in this process. And also all people are familiar with such phenomena as scandals, betrayal, problems, which also occur at the level of two or more individuals.

A scandal, quarrel, dispute is a clash of two or more opinions that contradict each other and do not agree.
Betrayal is the use of another person's resources or trust to achieve a goal that is likely not approved by the person being used.
Problems are disagreements, omissions, situations that imply dissatisfaction and disapproval of those involved.

There are so many options for how people will interact. If there are not many types of relationships, then the nature of each relationship will be unique. Relationships are built by two people who bring into the process their desires, interests, needs, habits, views, etc. Thus, to some extent, relationships may be similar, but problem solving and the essence of conflicts will differ in each specific case.

Interpersonal relationships and communication

Interpersonal relationships and communication itself are not formed just like that. People who participate in the process have certain needs and desires, which push them to create and maintain a certain type of relationship. Moreover, the relationship itself is a dynamic creation that is constantly changing, developing in some direction, giving something back to the participants and demanding something. If people maintain relationships through taking actions, then they last.

It should be understood that absolutely any relationship is destroyed at the moment when at least one of the two participants in the process ceases to pay attention and show interest in the contact. If he no longer does anything towards his partner, then the relationship begins to collapse, gradually fading away.

Interpersonal relationships face three challenges:

The first is interpersonal perception.
The second is man’s understanding of man.
Third, forming relationships and exerting psychological pressure.

Interpersonal communication is based on the following features:

Nationality, gender, age of a person.
Features of speech perception and reproduction.
Temperament, attitudes, worldview.
Health status.
Communication experience.
Professional and personal characteristics.
Goals, interests, desires.
Level of education and intellectual development.

Communication begins at the level of perception of the external characteristics of the interlocutor. At first, a person evaluates external data from the position of “like/dislike”, “interesting/not interesting”, “suitable for certain relationships/not suitable for the desired relationship.” Not only the appearance of the interlocutor is assessed, but also his clothes, accessories, smells, body movements, postures and facial expressions.

If communication begins, then people focus on each other’s gestures, voice, intonation, and spoken words. It is also important that the interlocutors understand the phrases addressed to each other. If the first understanding arises, then the communication continues, which further interests the interlocutors.

Then communication continues only at the level of how people understand each other. This happens as follows: in fact, people cannot know each other, since they have just met and do not yet have experience and ideas, however, they use their past experience of communicating with other people, trying to use their examples to attribute to each other certain qualities, motives of behavior and words

Communication becomes successful if people make correct assumptions and what is desired coincides with what is real. However, it becomes a little more difficult for people to communicate when they do not know how to react and act in situations that they have not previously encountered. Here they either try to get to know each other, tune in to a new mood, learn new things, or break up, interrupting communication.

If relationships arise between people, then they go through the stages of their development:

Origin.
Becoming.
Maturation.
Termination.

How quickly these stages pass depends on the people themselves. Typically, interpersonal relationships begin when both participants see benefits from continued contact with each other. If there is no benefit, then the relationship does not develop, but quickly ends.

Thus, in relationships, people resort to various ways of influencing each other with one goal - to achieve their goals. It should be noted that the goals of each person may coincide with the desires of the partner, or they may differ. If the goals are similar, then the relationship becomes long-lasting, since everyone sees the benefit of its continuation and development. However, if the partners have very different goals for each other, then the relationship may not develop and end quickly.

Psychology of Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication in psychology is the very first step towards the formation of relationships between people. Communication is an activity that people resort to at absolutely any stage in the development of their relationships.

In psychology, communication is understood as this type of interaction when people try to influence each other, change attitudes, gain approval, etc. Without influence (which in some circles is called manipulation) no relationship is possible. A person cannot interact with another person without trying to influence her decisions, thoughts, and actions. And this should be treated normally.

Psychologists can only study methods of manipulation in order to identify what they lead to and how to protect themselves from them if they harm the one they are trying to manipulate.

Communication problems arise at two levels:

At the level of motivations, desires, goals.
At the level of achieving desires and realizing motives.

Interpersonal communication among youth

During adolescence, people improve and begin to develop their communication skills with different groups of people. Interpersonal communication consists of more than just contact with peers. The teenager begins to develop a certain attitude towards different people.

The need to become an independent person is accompanied by irritability, intolerance, criticism, and non-acceptance of the unacceptable, which increases significantly.

Conflicts with peers in adolescents arise for the following reasons:

Bad manners.
Lack of productive communication skills.
Unwillingness to show respect to others.
Lack or unwillingness to feel compassion.

Culture of interpersonal communication

In interpersonal communication, many different situations occur. To effectively get out of any situation, you need to be able to choose the right tone and words that will have an effect in a particular case. You should also have a wide range of communication skills to remain flexible.

The culture of communication presupposes a high level of human development and his ability to be flexible during the process. Empathy is also included here when a person understands well the motives of others.

Bottom line

Communication between two people leads to the emergence of a relationship if the interlocutors show interest in each other, begin to get to know and understand each other, and also wish to continue contacts, since their personal goals can be realized at the expense of each other. Influencing in order to achieve one's goals is normal, since otherwise people have no other way to interact with each other.

Interpersonal relationships can be as varied and unpredictable as communication itself. It is worth noting that in addition to all the actions that people perform, communication plays the most important role. People pronounce words and express their attitude intonationally, through which their main interaction occurs. And after communication, actions are taken based on the influence that prevailed over them.

The quality of communication affects what the relationship will be like. Psychologists study two areas of a person’s life, providing services to improve relationships or communication with the goal of maximizing the achievement of their goals, not on the principle of “either I win or he wins,” but on the principle of “both win.”

Personality psychology: lecture notes Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

LECTURE No. 14. Communication and interpersonal relationships

Among the factors that normalize personality, psychology distinguishes work, communication and cognition. Communication– a connection between people, during which psychological contact occurs, manifested in the exchange of information, mutual influence, mutual experience, mutual understanding. Communication is aimed at establishing psychological contact between them; its goals are to change relationships between people, establish mutual understanding, influence knowledge, opinions, relationships, feelings and other manifestations of personality orientation; means – various forms of personal self-expression. Contacts between people in communication are a necessary condition for the existence of an individual.

Recently, in science, along with the concept of “communication”, the concept of “communication” has been used. In publications you can find different interpretations of these concepts. In psychology, the following relationship between them has been established. Communication– communication, interaction of two systems, during which a signal carrying information is transmitted from one system to another. If two electronic systems exchange information, then they are said to have communication.

Communication– exchange of information between people. A person can communicate with other people not only in direct contact. Watching a TV show or reading a book are also acts of communication. Thus, “communication” is a narrower concept compared to the concept of “communication”. Emphasizing the role of communication as a specific factor in the formation of the psyche, B. F. Lomov wrote: “When we study the lifestyle of a particular individual, we cannot limit ourselves to analyzing only what and how he does, we must also examine with whom and how he communicates.”

Communication involves the transfer of information. The content of communication is scientific and everyday knowledge. Communication can transfer skills and abilities.

All these are just individual signs of the content of communication. There are many specific topics for communication, and the more diverse the topics of communication, the richer and more meaningful a person’s personality.

A person’s appearance consciously changes and, to a certain extent, is created by him. The appearance consists of a physiognomic mask, clothing, and demeanor. The physiognomic mask - the dominant facial expression - is formed under the influence of thoughts, feelings, and relationships that often arise in a person. Hairstyle, cosmetics, etc. significantly contribute to the creation of a mask. Evil, kind, arrogant, benevolent and other physiognomic masks can be noted. The appearance is also complemented by clothing, which is often an indicator of class, class, and professional affiliation. The form of clothing obliges a certain type of behavior. Military uniform requires discipline. The gaiety of a man in mourning clothes seems strange to us. The manner in which a person behaves is determined by a person’s upbringing, his position, self-esteem, and attitude towards the person with whom he communicates. To establish contacts between people, for the content and emotional side of communication, a person’s appearance is of great importance: on its basis, the first impression is formed, which often determines the development of relationships.

The appearance and physiognomic mask are static. The dynamic side of communication is manifested in gestures and facial expressions. Facial expressions– dynamic facial expression at the moment of communication.

Gesture- a socially developed movement that conveys a mental state. Both facial expressions and gestures develop as social means of communication, although some of the elements that make them up are innate. The social dependence of facial expressions is confirmed by the fact that in different cultures the same facial expressions and gestures can have diametrically opposed meanings. For example, wide open eyes for a Japanese are a sign of anger, while for a European it is a sign of friendliness and surprise.

Non-verbal means of communication include the exchange of objects and things. By passing objects to each other, people establish contacts and express their attitude towards each other.

Tactile-muscular sensitivity is also a means of communication. Mutual touching, muscular tension for movement aimed at another person, or withholding from him - these are the limits of such communication. Specific manifestations of it can be a handshake, a child being held in the mother’s arms, or martial arts among athletes. With the help of tactile-muscular sensitivity, a person learns physical strength, some personality traits, the relationship of another person, in turn, shows some of his own qualities and expresses his attitude towards him. Tactile-muscular sensitivity is the main channel for receiving information from the outside world and the main means of communication for people deprived of hearing and vision and thus the ability to naturally master audible speech.

Currently, much attention is paid to the communicative meaning of distance in communication. American psychology even has a name for this area of research – proxemics. Proxemics explores the location of people in space when communicating and identifies the following distances in human contacts:

1) intimate area (15–45 cm); Only close, well-known people are allowed into this zone; it is characterized by trust, a quiet voice when communicating, tactile contact, and touching. Research shows that violation of the intimate zone entails certain changes in the body: increased heart rate, rush of blood to the head, etc. Premature invasion of the intimate zone during communication is always perceived by the interlocutor as an attack on his integrity;

2) personal, or personal, zone (45-120 cm) for casual conversation with friends and colleagues involves only visual eye contact between partners maintaining a conversation;

3) the social zone (120–400 cm) is usually observed during official meetings in offices, teaching and other office premises, as a rule, with those who are not well known;

4) public zone (over 400 cm) implies communication with a large group of people (in a lecture hall, at a rally, etc.).

First level (macro level). In this case, communication is considered as the most important aspect of an individual’s lifestyle, in which the predominant content, the circle of people with whom she mainly contacts, the prevailing style of communication and other parameters are studied. All this is determined by social relations, the social conditions of the individual’s life. In addition, when considering this level, one should take into account what rules, traditions, and accepted norms the person adheres to. The time interval of such communication is the entire previous and future life of the individual.

Second level (mesa level). Communication at this level involves contacts on a specific topic. Moreover, the implementation of the topic can be carried out with one person or group, it can end in one session or require several meetings and acts of communication. As a rule, a person has several themes that he implements sequentially or in parallel. In both cases, communication partners can be individuals or groups.

Third level (micro level). It involves an act of communication in the role of a kind of elementary particle (unit). Such an act of communication can be considered a question and answer, a handshake, a meaningful look, a facial movement in response, etc. Through elementary units, themes are realized that make up the entire system of communication of an individual at a certain period of his life.

This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Personality Psychology: lecture notes author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

LECTURE No. 16. Interpersonal relationships in groups and teams. The concept of psychological incompatibility In groups and teams, there are relationships and relationships. Attitude is the position of an individual towards everything that surrounds him, and towards himself. Man anyway

author Ilyin Evgeniy Pavlovich

11.1. Interpersonal relationships and their classification Interpersonal relationships are relationships that develop between individuals. They are often accompanied by experiences of emotions and express the inner world of a person. Interpersonal relationships are divided into the following

From the book Psychology of Communication and Interpersonal Relationships author Ilyin Evgeniy Pavlovich

CHAPTER 14 Interpersonal relationships K. A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya (1981) writes that “the psychology of communication isolates its subject when it considers how two people, coming into contact, create something third, which is the relationship between them” (p. 225). Therefore, tear off

From the book Psychology of Communication and Interpersonal Relationships author Ilyin Evgeniy Pavlovich

CHAPTER 18 Communication and interpersonal relationships between medical professionals and patients The effectiveness of treatment largely depends on how the relationship between the doctor and the patient develops. Prerequisites for the emergence of positive relationships and trust between medical

From the book Psychology of Communication and Interpersonal Relationships author Ilyin Evgeniy Pavlovich

CHAPTER 19 Interpersonal relationships and communication in the family The family is another important area of human life in which constant and close communication takes place and in which unique interpersonal relationships develop. After all, marriage is defined as legally binding

From the book Personality Psychology author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

24. Communication and interpersonal relationships Communication is a connection between people, during which psychological contact occurs, manifested in the exchange of information, mutual influence, mutual experience, and mutual understanding. Recently, the concept has been used in science

From the book Ethnopsychology author Stefanenko Tatyana Gavrilovna

1.1. Intergroup and interpersonal relations Interethnic relations can be analyzed from different points of view, therefore, many sciences study problems related to interethnic relations - cultural anthropology, political science, sociology, economics,

From the book to the Educator about sexology author Kagan Viktor Efimovich

Adolescent psyche and interpersonal relationships Adolescence is usually called, and not without reason, difficult, associating its difficulties with a special “teenage psyche”. Representatives of biogenetic universalism of the late XIX - early XX centuries. understood the teenage crisis

From the book Games Played by "We". Fundamentals of behavioral psychology: theory and typology author Kalinauskas Igor Nikolaevich

Social relations are interpersonal relations. Social relations are, first of all, interpersonal relations. This means that a set of behavior models of one person (attitude behavior) necessarily meets with a set of behavior models (attitude behavior)

author Ritterman Tatyana Petrovna

Interpersonal relationships Interpersonal communication as interaction between people, the condition of their mutual understanding and relationships between them is a process that can be considered as a “person - person” system in all its multifaceted dynamics

From the book Psychology. Full course author Ritterman Tatyana Petrovna

Interpersonal relations Interpersonal interaction unites not only private concepts, such as mutual understanding, mutual assistance (mutual assistance), empathy, mutual influence. It also includes opposite categories - mutual misunderstanding,

From the book Psychology. Full course author Ritterman Tatyana Petrovna

Interpersonal relationships Interpersonal relationships can be viewed from different perspectives. On the one hand, interpersonal relationships include subjectively experienced relationships between people, which are objectively revealed in the character and methods of

author Volkov Pavel Valerievich

4. Interpersonal relationships (features of communication) The defensive conflict of an asthenic person manifests itself in many ways in his behavior. One of them characteristically said to himself: “I run from the hole to the palace.” An asthenic person is looking for a small cozy corner in life to hide his soul there.

From the book The Diversity of Human Worlds author Volkov Pavel Valerievich

interpersonal relationships are

CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

SYSTEMS OF INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS

THE ROLE OF FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS IN SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS

BASICS OF CORRECT COMMUNICATION

What communication mistakes should you try to avoid so that types of interpersonal relationships are not at risk of unfavorable development?

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

What is interpersonal communication?

Interpersonal relationships and communication

Psychology of Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal communication among youth

Culture of interpersonal communication

Bottom line